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<body class="manpage">
<div id="header">
<h1>gitrepository-layout(5) Manual Page</h1>
<h2 id="_name">NAME</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<p>gitrepository-layout - Git Repository Layout</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="content">
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_synopsis">SYNOPSIS</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>$GIT_DIR/*</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_description">DESCRIPTION</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>A Git repository comes in two different flavours:</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>a .<code>git</code> directory at the root of the working tree;</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>a <em><project></em><code>.git</code> directory that is a <em>bare</em> repository
(i.e. without its own working tree), that is typically used for
exchanging histories with others by pushing into it and fetching
from it.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><strong>Note</strong>: Also you can have a plain text file .<code>git</code> at the root of
your working tree, containing <code>gitdir:</code> <em><path></em> to point at the real
directory that has the repository.
This mechanism is called a <em>gitfile</em> and is usually managed via the
<code>git</code> <code>submodule</code> and <code>git</code> <code>worktree</code> commands. It is often used for
a working tree of a submodule checkout, to allow you in the
containing superproject to <code>git</code> <code>checkout</code> a branch that does not
have the submodule. The <code>checkout</code> has to remove the entire
submodule working tree, without losing the submodule repository.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>These things may exist in a Git repository.</p>
</div>
<div class="dlist">
<dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">objects</dt>
<dd>
<p>Object store associated with this repository. Usually
an object store is self sufficient (i.e. all the objects
that are referred to by an object found in it are also
found in it), but there are a few ways to violate it.</p>
<div class="olist arabic">
<ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p>You could have an incomplete but locally usable repository
by creating a shallow clone. See <a href="git-clone.html">git-clone(1)</a>.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>You could be using the <code>objects/info/alternates</code> or
<code>$GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES</code> mechanisms to <em>borrow</em>
objects from other object stores. A repository with this kind
of incomplete object store is not suitable to be published for
use with dumb transports but otherwise is OK as long as
<code>objects/info/alternates</code> points at the object stores it
borrows from.</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This directory is ignored if $GIT_COMMON_DIR is set and
"$GIT_COMMON_DIR/objects" will be used instead.</p>
</div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">objects/[0-9a-f][0-9a-f]</dt>
<dd>
<p>A newly created object is stored in its own file.
The objects are splayed over 256 subdirectories using
the first two characters of the sha1 object name to
keep the number of directory entries in <code>objects</code>
itself to a manageable number. Objects found
here are often called <em>unpacked</em> (or <em>loose</em>) objects.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">objects/pack</dt>
<dd>
<p>Packs (files that store many objects in compressed form,
along with index files to allow them to be randomly
accessed) are found in this directory.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">objects/info</dt>
<dd>
<p>Additional information about the object store is
recorded in this directory.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">objects/info/packs</dt>
<dd>
<p>This file is to help dumb transports discover what packs
are available in this object store. Whenever a pack is
added or removed, <code>git</code> <code>update-server-info</code> should be run
to keep this file up to date if the repository is
published for dumb transports. <em>git repack</em> does this
by default.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">objects/info/alternates</dt>
<dd>
<p>This file records paths to alternate object stores that
this object store borrows objects from, one pathname per
line. Note that not only native Git tools use it locally,
but the HTTP fetcher also tries to use it remotely; this
will usually work if you have relative paths (relative
to the object database, not to the repository!) in your
alternates file, but it will not work if you use absolute
paths unless the absolute path in filesystem and web URL
is the same. See also <code>objects/info/http-alternates</code>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">objects/info/http-alternates</dt>
<dd>
<p>This file records URLs to alternate object stores that
this object store borrows objects from, to be used when
the repository is fetched over HTTP.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">refs</dt>
<dd>
<p>References are stored in subdirectories of this
directory. The <em>git prune</em> command knows to preserve
objects reachable from refs found in this directory and
its subdirectories.
This directory is ignored (except refs/bisect,
refs/rewritten and refs/worktree) if $GIT_COMMON_DIR is
set and "$GIT_COMMON_DIR/refs" will be used instead.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">refs/heads/<code>name</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>records tip-of-the-tree commit objects of branch <code>name</code></p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">refs/tags/<code>name</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>records any object name (not necessarily a commit
object, or a tag object that points at a commit object).</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">refs/remotes/<code>name</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>records tip-of-the-tree commit objects of branches copied
from a remote repository.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">refs/replace/<em><obj-sha1></em></dt>
<dd>
<p>records the SHA-1 of the object that replaces <em><obj-sha1></em>.
This is similar to info/grafts and is internally used and
maintained by <a href="git-replace.html">git-replace(1)</a>. Such refs can be exchanged
between repositories while grafts are not.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">packed-refs</dt>
<dd>
<p>records the same information as refs/heads/, refs/tags/,
and friends record in a more efficient way. See
<a href="git-pack-refs.html">git-pack-refs(1)</a>. This file is ignored if $GIT_COMMON_DIR
is set and "$GIT_COMMON_DIR/packed-refs" will be used instead.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">HEAD</dt>
<dd>
<p>A symref (see glossary) to the <code>refs/heads/</code> namespace
describing the currently active branch. It does not mean
much if the repository is not associated with any working tree
(i.e. a <em>bare</em> repository), but a valid Git repository
<strong>must</strong> have the HEAD file; some porcelains may use it to
guess the designated "default" branch of the repository
(usually <em>master</em>). It is legal if the named branch
<em>name</em> does not (yet) exist. In some legacy setups, it is
a symbolic link instead of a symref that points at the current
branch.</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>HEAD can also record a specific commit directly, instead of
being a symref to point at the current branch. Such a state
is often called <em>detached HEAD.</em> See <a href="git-checkout.html">git-checkout(1)</a>
for details.</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">config</dt>
<dd>
<p>Repository specific configuration file. This file is ignored
if $GIT_COMMON_DIR is set and "$GIT_COMMON_DIR/config" will be
used instead.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">config.worktree</dt>
<dd>
<p>Working directory specific configuration file for the main
working directory in multiple working directory setup (see
<a href="git-worktree.html">git-worktree(1)</a>).</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">branches</dt>
<dd>
<p>A deprecated way to store shorthands to be used
to specify a URL to <em>git fetch</em>, <em>git pull</em> and <em>git push</em>.
A file can be stored as <code>branches/</code><em><name></em> and then
<em>name</em> can be given to these commands in place of
<em>repository</em> argument. See the REMOTES section in
<a href="git-fetch.html">git-fetch(1)</a> for details. This mechanism is legacy
and not likely to be found in modern repositories. This
directory is ignored if $GIT_COMMON_DIR is set and
"$GIT_COMMON_DIR/branches" will be used instead.</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Git will stop reading remotes from this directory in Git 3.0.</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">hooks</dt>
<dd>
<p>Hooks are customization scripts used by various Git
commands. A handful of sample hooks are installed when
<em>git init</em> is run, but all of them are disabled by
default. To enable, the .<code>sample</code> suffix has to be
removed from the filename by renaming.
Read <a href="githooks.html">githooks(5)</a> for more details about
each hook. This directory is ignored if $GIT_COMMON_DIR is set
and "$GIT_COMMON_DIR/hooks" will be used instead.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">common</dt>
<dd>
<p>When multiple working trees are used, most of files in
$GIT_DIR are per-worktree with a few known exceptions. All
files under <em>common</em> however will be shared between all
working trees.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">index</dt>
<dd>
<p>The current index file for the repository. It is
usually not found in a bare repository.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">sharedindex.<SHA-1></dt>
<dd>
<p>The shared index part, to be referenced by $GIT_DIR/index and
other temporary index files. Only valid in split index mode.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">info</dt>
<dd>
<p>Additional information about the repository is recorded
in this directory. This directory is ignored if $GIT_COMMON_DIR
is set and "$GIT_COMMON_DIR/info" will be used instead.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">info/refs</dt>
<dd>
<p>This file helps dumb transports discover what refs are
available in this repository. If the repository is
published for dumb transports, this file should be
regenerated by <em>git update-server-info</em> every time a tag
or branch is created or modified. This is normally done
from the <code>hooks/update</code> hook, which is run by the
<em>git-receive-pack</em> command when you <em>git push</em> into the
repository.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">info/grafts</dt>
<dd>
<p>This file records fake commit ancestry information, to
pretend the set of parents a commit has is different
from how the commit was actually created. One record
per line describes a commit and its fake parents by
listing their 40-byte hexadecimal object names separated
by a space and terminated by a newline.</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Note that the grafts mechanism is outdated and can lead to problems
transferring objects between repositories; see <a href="git-replace.html">git-replace(1)</a>
for a more flexible and robust system to do the same thing.</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">info/exclude</dt>
<dd>
<p>This file, by convention among Porcelains, stores the
exclude pattern list. .<code>gitignore</code> is the per-directory
ignore file. <em>git status</em>, <em>git add</em>, <em>git rm</em> and
<em>git clean</em> look at it but the core Git commands do not look
at it. See also: <a href="gitignore.html">gitignore(5)</a>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">info/attributes</dt>
<dd>
<p>Defines which attributes to assign to a path, similar to per-directory
.<code>gitattributes</code> files. See also: <a href="gitattributes.html">gitattributes(5)</a>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">info/sparse-checkout</dt>
<dd>
<p>This file stores sparse checkout patterns.
See also: <a href="git-read-tree.html">git-read-tree(1)</a>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">remotes</dt>
<dd>
<p>Stores shorthands for URL and default refnames for use
when interacting with remote repositories via <em>git fetch</em>,
<em>git pull</em> and <em>git push</em> commands. See the REMOTES section
in <a href="git-fetch.html">git-fetch(1)</a> for details. This mechanism is legacy
and not likely to be found in modern repositories. This
directory is ignored if $GIT_COMMON_DIR is set and
"$GIT_COMMON_DIR/remotes" will be used instead.</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Git will stop reading remotes from this directory in Git 3.0.</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">logs</dt>
<dd>
<p>Records of changes made to refs are stored in this directory.
See <a href="git-update-ref.html">git-update-ref(1)</a> for more information. This
directory is ignored (except logs/HEAD) if $GIT_COMMON_DIR is
set and "$GIT_COMMON_DIR/logs" will be used instead.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">logs/refs/heads/<code>name</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>Records all changes made to the branch tip named <code>name</code>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">logs/refs/tags/<code>name</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>Records all changes made to the tag named <code>name</code>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">shallow</dt>
<dd>
<p>This is similar to <code>info/grafts</code> but is internally used
and maintained by shallow clone mechanism. See <code>--depth</code>
option to <a href="git-clone.html">git-clone(1)</a> and <a href="git-fetch.html">git-fetch(1)</a>. This
file is ignored if $GIT_COMMON_DIR is set and
"$GIT_COMMON_DIR/shallow" will be used instead.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">commondir</dt>
<dd>
<p>If this file exists, $GIT_COMMON_DIR (see <a href="git.html">git(1)</a>) will
be set to the path specified in this file if it is not
explicitly set. If the specified path is relative, it is
relative to $GIT_DIR. The repository with commondir is
incomplete without the repository pointed by "commondir".</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">modules</dt>
<dd>
<p>Contains the git-repositories of the submodules.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">worktrees</dt>
<dd>
<p>Contains administrative data for linked
working trees. Each subdirectory contains the working tree-related
part of a linked working tree. This directory is ignored if
$GIT_COMMON_DIR is set, in which case
"$GIT_COMMON_DIR/worktrees" will be used instead.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">worktrees/<id>/gitdir</dt>
<dd>
<p>A text file containing the absolute path back to the .git file
that points to here. This is used to check if the linked
repository has been manually removed and there is no need to
keep this directory any more. The mtime of this file should be
updated every time the linked repository is accessed.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">worktrees/<id>/locked</dt>
<dd>
<p>If this file exists, the linked working tree may be on a
portable device and not available. The presence of this file
prevents <code>worktrees/</code><em><id></em> from being pruned either automatically
or manually by <code>git</code> <code>worktree</code> <code>prune</code>. The file may contain a string
explaining why the repository is locked.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">worktrees/<id>/config.worktree</dt>
<dd>
<p>Working directory specific configuration file.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_git_repository_format_versions">Git Repository Format Versions</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Every git repository is marked with a numeric version in the
<code>core.repositoryformatversion</code> key of its <code>config</code> file. This version
specifies the rules for operating on the on-disk repository data. An
implementation of git which does not understand a particular version
advertised by an on-disk repository MUST NOT operate on that repository;
doing so risks not only producing wrong results, but actually losing
data.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Because of this rule, version bumps should be kept to an absolute
minimum. Instead, we generally prefer these strategies:</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>bumping format version numbers of individual data files (e.g.,
index, packfiles, etc). This restricts the incompatibilities only to
those files.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>introducing new data that gracefully degrades when used by older
clients (e.g., pack bitmap files are ignored by older clients, which
simply do not take advantage of the optimization they provide).</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>A whole-repository format version bump should only be part of a change
that cannot be independently versioned. For instance, if one were to
change the reachability rules for objects, or the rules for locking
refs, that would require a bump of the repository format version.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Note that this applies only to accessing the repository’s disk contents
directly. An older client which understands only format <code>0</code> may still
connect via <code>git://</code> to a repository using format <code>1</code>, as long as the
server process understands format <code>1</code>.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The preferred strategy for rolling out a version bump (whether whole
repository or for a single file) is to teach git to read the new format,
and allow writing the new format with a config switch or command line
option (for experimentation or for those who do not care about backwards
compatibility with older gits). Then after a long period to allow the
reading capability to become common, we may switch to writing the new
format by default.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The currently defined format versions are:</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_version_0">Version <code>0</code></h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This is the format defined by the initial version of git, including but
not limited to the format of the repository directory, the repository
configuration file, and the object and ref storage. Specifying the
complete behavior of git is beyond the scope of this document.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_version_1">Version <code>1</code></h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This format is identical to version <code>0</code>, with the following exceptions:</p>
</div>
<div class="olist arabic">
<ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p>When reading the <code>core.repositoryformatversion</code> variable, a git
implementation which supports version 1 MUST also read any
configuration keys found in the <code>extensions</code> section of the
configuration file.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>If a version-1 repository specifies any <code>extensions.</code>* keys that
the running git has not implemented, the operation MUST NOT
proceed. Similarly, if the value of any known key is not understood
by the implementation, the operation MUST NOT proceed.</p>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Note that if no extensions are specified in the config file, then
<code>core.repositoryformatversion</code> SHOULD be set to <code>0</code> (setting it to <code>1</code>
provides no benefit, and makes the repository incompatible with older
implementations of git).</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The defined extensions are given in the <code>extensions.</code>* section of
<a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>. Any implementation wishing to define a new
extension should make a note of it there, in order to claim the name.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_see_also">SEE ALSO</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p><a href="git-init.html">git-init(1)</a>,
<a href="git-clone.html">git-clone(1)</a>,
<a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>,
<a href="git-fetch.html">git-fetch(1)</a>,
<a href="git-pack-refs.html">git-pack-refs(1)</a>,
<a href="git-gc.html">git-gc(1)</a>,
<a href="git-checkout.html">git-checkout(1)</a>,
<a href="gitglossary.html">gitglossary(7)</a>,
<a href="user-manual.html">The Git User’s Manual</a></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_git">GIT</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Part of the <a href="git.html">git(1)</a> suite</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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Last updated 2025-03-17 07:09:38 UTC
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