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Your IP : 216.73.216.152

Current Path : C:/Windows/System32/en-US/

Current File : C:/Windows/System32/en-US/cmd.exe.mui

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tAn incorrect parameter was

entered for the command.

XThe syntax of the command is incorrect.

PPress any key to continue . . . %0

4%1, Delete (Y/N)? %0

�The system cannot accept the path

or file name requested.

`The system cannot accept the date entered.

\No batch label specified to GOTO command.

�'%1' is not recognized as an internal or external command,

operable program or batch file.

`The system cannot accept the time entered.

0%1 file(s) copied.

8The current date is: %0

8The current time is: %0

0 Directory of %1

XThe system is out of environment space.

lThe system cannot execute the specified program.

@The input line is too long.

`The contents of the target file

were lost.

�Insert the diskette that contains the batch file

and press any key when ready. %0

LEnter the new date: (mm-dd-yy) %0

8Enter the new time: %0

�The handle could not be duplicated

during redirection of handle %1.

$ECHO is off.

ECHO is on.

(VERIFY is off.

$VERIFY is on.

XThe file cannot be copied onto itself.

H%1 was unexpected at this time.

\The Process Identification Number is %1.

�A duplicate file name exists, or the file

cannot be found.

@%1, Are you sure (Y/N)? %0

hThe following character string is too long:

LMicrosoft Windows [Version %1]%0

�The handle could not be duplicated during

a pipe operation.

More? %0

XThe system cannot complete the process.

@ Volume Serial Number is %1

\A subdirectory or file %1 already exists.

TError occurred while processing: %1.

L Volume in drive %1 has no label.

< Volume in drive %1 is %2

KEYS is on.

$KEYS is off.

|The system cannot accept the START command parameter %1.

PThe system cannot find the file %1.

lThe process tried to write to a nonexistent pipe.

L"%1" is not a recognized device.

HThe batch file cannot be found.

,%1 dir(s) moved.

,%1 file(s) moved.

�A program attempted to reference storage outside the

limits of a stack segment. The program was ended.

%1%0

<Command not implemented.

(<DIR> %0

(Out of memory.

8Invalid switch - "%1".

TParameter format not correct - "%1".

\(Error occurred in environment variable)

< %1 File(s) %2 bytes

D %1 Dir(s) %2 bytes free

< Total Files Listed:

DTerminate batch job (Y/N)? %0

LThe current directory is invalid.

�Displays the name of or changes the current directory.

CHDIR [/D] [drive:][path]

CHDIR [..]

CD [/D] [drive:][path]

CD [..]

.. Specifies that you want to change to the parent directory.

Type CD drive: to display the current directory in the specified drive.

Type CD without parameters to display the current drive and directory.

Use the /D switch to change current drive in addition to changing current

directory for a drive.

<Clears the screen.

CLS

HCopies one or more files to another location.

COPY [/D] [/V] [/N] [/Y | /-Y] [/Z] [/L] [/A | /B ] source [/A | /B]

[+ source [/A | /B] [+ ...]] [destination [/A | /B]]

source Specifies the file or files to be copied.

/A Indicates an ASCII text file.

/B Indicates a binary file.

/D Allow the destination file to be created decrypted

destination Specifies the directory and/or filename for the new file(s).

/V Verifies that new files are written correctly.

/N Uses short filename, if available, when copying a file with a

non-8dot3 name.

/Y Suppresses prompting to confirm you want to overwrite an

existing destination file.

/-Y Causes prompting to confirm you want to overwrite an

existing destination file.

/Z Copies networked files in restartable mode.

/L If the source is a symbolic link, copy the link to the target

instead of the actual file the source link points to.

The switch /Y may be preset in the COPYCMD environment variable.

This may be overridden with /-Y on the command line. Default is

to prompt on overwrites unless COPY command is being executed from

within a batch script.

To append files, specify a single file for destination, but multiple files

for source (using wildcards or file1+file2+file3 format).

pDisplays or sets the date.

DATE [/T | date]

Type DATE without parameters to display the current date setting and

a prompt for a new one. Press ENTER to keep the same date.

�Deletes one or more files.

DEL [/P] [/F] [/S] [/Q] [/A[[:]attributes]] names

ERASE [/P] [/F] [/S] [/Q] [/A[[:]attributes]] names

names Specifies a list of one or more files or directories.

Wildcards may be used to delete multiple files. If a

directory is specified, all files within the directory

will be deleted.

/P Prompts for confirmation before deleting each file.

/F Force deleting of read-only files.

/S Delete specified files from all subdirectories.

/Q Quiet mode, do not ask if ok to delete on global wildcard

/A Selects files to delete based on attributes

attributes R Read-only files S System files

H Hidden files A Files ready for archiving

I Not content indexed Files L Reparse Points

O Offline files - Prefix meaning not

lDisplays a list of files and subdirectories in a directory.

DIR [drive:][path][filename] [/A[[:]attributes]] [/B] [/C] [/D] [/L] [/N]

[/O[[:]sortorder]] [/P] [/Q] [/R] [/S] [/T[[:]timefield]] [/W] [/X] [/4]

[drive:][path][filename]

Specifies drive, directory, and/or files to list.

/A Displays files with specified attributes.

attributes D Directories R Read-only files

H Hidden files A Files ready for archiving

S System files I Not content indexed files

L Reparse Points O Offline files

- Prefix meaning not

/B Uses bare format (no heading information or summary).

/C Display the thousand separator in file sizes. This is the

default. Use /-C to disable display of separator.

/D Same as wide but files are list sorted by column.

/L Uses lowercase.

/N New long list format where filenames are on the far right.

/O List by files in sorted order.

sortorder N By name (alphabetic) S By size (smallest first)

E By extension (alphabetic) D By date/time (oldest first)

G Group directories first - Prefix to reverse order

/P Pauses after each screenful of information.

/Q Display the owner of the file.

/R Display alternate data streams of the file.

/S Displays files in specified directory and all subdirectories.

/T Controls which time field displayed or used for sorting

timefield C Creation

A Last Access

W Last Written

/W Uses wide list format.

/X This displays the short names generated for non-8dot3 file

names. The format is that of /N with the short name inserted

before the long name. If no short name is present, blanks are

displayed in its place.

/4 Displays four-digit years

Switches may be preset in the DIRCMD environment variable. Override

preset switches by prefixing any switch with - (hyphen)--for example, /-W.

�Quits the CMD.EXE program (command interpreter) or the current batch

script.

EXIT [/B] [exitCode]

/B specifies to exit the current batch script instead of

CMD.EXE. If executed from outside a batch script, it

will quit CMD.EXE

exitCode specifies a numeric number. if /B is specified, sets

ERRORLEVEL that number. If quitting CMD.EXE, sets the process

exit code with that number.

�Creates a directory.

MKDIR [drive:]path

MD [drive:]path

�Displays or sets a search path for executable files.

PATH [[drive:]path[;...][;%%PATH%%]

PATH ;

Type PATH ; to clear all search-path settings and direct cmd.exe to search

only in the current directory.

Type PATH without parameters to display the current path.

Including %%PATH%% in the new path setting causes the old path to be

appended to the new setting.

Changes the cmd.exe command prompt.

PROMPT [text]

text Specifies a new command prompt.

Prompt can be made up of normal characters and the following special codes:

$A & (Ampersand)

$B | (pipe)

$C ( (Left parenthesis)

$D Current date

$E Escape code (ASCII code 27)

$F ) (Right parenthesis)

$G > (greater-than sign)

$H Backspace (erases previous character)

$L < (less-than sign)

$N Current drive

$P Current drive and path

$Q = (equal sign)

$S (space)

$T Current time

$V Windows version number

$_ Carriage return and linefeed

$$ $ (dollar sign)

�Removes (deletes) a directory.

RMDIR [/S] [/Q] [drive:]path

RD [/S] [/Q] [drive:]path

/S Removes all directories and files in the specified directory

in addition to the directory itself. Used to remove a directory

tree.

/Q Quiet mode, do not ask if ok to remove a directory tree with /S

�Renames a file or files.

RENAME [drive:][path]filename1 filename2.

REN [drive:][path]filename1 filename2.

Note that you cannot specify a new drive or path for your destination file.

PDisplays, sets, or removes cmd.exe environment variables.

SET [variable=[string]]

variable Specifies the environment-variable name.

string Specifies a series of characters to assign to the variable.

Type SET without parameters to display the current environment variables.

�Displays or sets the system time.

TIME [/T | time]

Type TIME with no parameters to display the current time setting and a prompt

for a new one. Press ENTER to keep the same time.

�Displays the contents of a text file or files.

TYPE [drive:][path]filename

TDisplays the Windows version.

VER

lTells cmd.exe whether to verify that your files are written correctly to a

disk.

VERIFY [ON | OFF]

Type VERIFY without a parameter to display the current VERIFY setting.

�Displays the disk volume label and serial number, if they exist.

VOL [drive:]

�Calls one batch program from another.

CALL [drive:][path]filename [batch-parameters]

batch-parameters Specifies any command-line information required by the

batch program.

�Records comments (remarks) in a batch file or CONFIG.SYS.

REM [comment]

�Suspends processing of a batch program and displays the message

Press any key to continue . . . %0

PAUSE

PDisplays messages, or turns command-echoing on or off.

ECHO [ON | OFF]

ECHO [message]

Type ECHO without parameters to display the current echo setting.

�Directs cmd.exe to a labeled line in a batch program.

GOTO label

label Specifies a text string used in the batch program as a label.

You type a label on a line by itself, beginning with a colon.

�Changes the position of replaceable parameters in a batch file.

SHIFT [/n]

�Performs conditional processing in batch programs.

IF [NOT] ERRORLEVEL number command

IF [NOT] string1==string2 command

IF [NOT] EXIST filename command

NOT Specifies that Windows should carry out

the command only if the condition is false.

ERRORLEVEL number Specifies a true condition if the last program run

returned an exit code equal to or greater than the number

specified.

string1==string2 Specifies a true condition if the specified text strings

match.

EXIST filename Specifies a true condition if the specified filename

exists.

command Specifies the command to carry out if the condition is

met. Command can be followed by ELSE command which

will execute the command after the ELSE keyword if the

specified condition is FALSE

The ELSE clause must occur on the same line as the command after the IF. For

example:

IF EXIST filename. (

del filename.

) ELSE (

echo filename. missing.

)

The following would NOT work because the del command needs to be terminated

by a newline:

IF EXIST filename. del filename. ELSE echo filename. missing

Nor would the following work, since the ELSE command must be on the same line

as the end of the IF command:

IF EXIST filename. del filename.

ELSE echo filename. missing

The following would work if you want it all on one line:

IF EXIST filename. (del filename.) ELSE echo filename. missing

�Runs a specified command for each file in a set of files.

FOR %%variable IN (set) DO command [command-parameters]

%%variable Specifies a single letter replaceable parameter.

(set) Specifies a set of one or more files. Wildcards may be used.

command Specifies the command to carry out for each file.

command-parameters

Specifies parameters or switches for the specified command.

To use the FOR command in a batch program, specify %%%%variable instead

of %%variable. Variable names are case sensitive, so %%i is different

from %%I.

PStarts a separate window to run a specified program or command.

START ["title"] [/D path] [/I] [/MIN] [/MAX] [/SEPARATE | /SHARED]

[/NODE <NUMA node>] [/AFFINITY <hex affinity mask>] [/WAIT] [/B]

[command/program] [parameters]

"title" Title to display in window title bar.

path Starting directory.

B Start application without creating a new window. The

application has ^C handling ignored. Unless the application

enables ^C processing, ^Break is the only way to interrupt

the application.

I The new environment will be the original environment passed

to the cmd.exe and not the current environment.

MIN Start window minimized.

MAX Start window maximized.

SEPARATE Start 16-bit Windows program in separate memory space.

SHARED Start 16-bit Windows program in shared memory space.

LOW Start application in the IDLE priority class.

NORMAL Start application in the NORMAL priority class.

HIGH Start application in the HIGH priority class.

REALTIME Start application in the REALTIME priority class.

ABOVENORMAL Start application in the ABOVENORMAL priority class.

BELOWNORMAL Start application in the BELOWNORMAL priority class.

NODE Specifies the preferred Non-Uniform Memory Architecture (NUMA)

node as a decimal integer.

AFFINITY Specifies the processor affinity mask as a hexadecimal number.

The process is restricted to running on these processors.

The affinity mask is interpreted differently when /AFFINITY and

/NODE are combined. Specify the affinity mask as if the NUMA

node's processor mask is right shifted to begin at bit zero.

The process is restricted to running on those processors in

common between the specified affinity mask and the NUMA node.

If no processors are in common, the process is restricted to

running on the specified NUMA node.

WAIT Start application and wait for it to terminate.

command/program

If it is an internal cmd command or a batch file then

the command processor is run with the /K switch to cmd.exe.

This means that the window will remain after the command

has been run.

If it is not an internal cmd command or batch file then

it is a program and will run as either a windowed application

or a console application.

parameters These are the parameters passed to the command/program.

NOTE: The SEPARATE and SHARED options are not supported on 64-bit platforms.

Specifying /NODE allows processes to be created in a way that leverages memory

locality on NUMA systems. For example, two processes that communicate with

each other heavily through shared memory can be created to share the same

preferred NUMA node in order to minimize memory latencies. They allocate

memory from the same NUMA node when possible, and they are free to run on

processors outside the specified node.

start /NODE 1 application1.exe

start /NODE 1 application2.exe

These two processes can be further constrained to run on specific processors

within the same NUMA node. In the following example, application1 runs on the

low-order two processors of the node, while application2 runs on the next two

processors of the node. This example assumes the specified node has at least

four logical processors. Note that the node number can be changed to any valid

node number for that computer without having to change the affinity mask.

start /NODE 1 /AFFINITY 0x3 application1.exe

start /NODE 1 /AFFINITY 0xc application2.exe

$Sets or Clears Extended CTRL+C checking on DOS system

This is present for Compatibility with DOS systems. It has no effect

under Windows.

�Starts a new instance of the Windows command interpreter

CMD [/A | /U] [/Q] [/D] [/E:ON | /E:OFF] [/F:ON | /F:OFF] [/V:ON | /V:OFF]

[[/S] [/C | /K] string]

/C Carries out the command specified by string and then terminates

/K Carries out the command specified by string but remains

/S Modifies the treatment of string after /C or /K (see below)

/Q Turns echo off

/D Disable execution of AutoRun commands from registry (see below)

/A Causes the output of internal commands to a pipe or file to be ANSI

/U Causes the output of internal commands to a pipe or file to be

Unicode

/T:fg Sets the foreground/background colors (see COLOR /? for more info)

/E:ON Enable command extensions (see below)

/E:OFF Disable command extensions (see below)

/F:ON Enable file and directory name completion characters (see below)

/F:OFF Disable file and directory name completion characters (see below)

/V:ON Enable delayed environment variable expansion using ! as the

delimiter. For example, /V:ON would allow !var! to expand the

variable var at execution time. The %var% syntax expands variables

at input time, which is quite a different thing when inside of a FOR

loop.

/V:OFF Disable delayed environment expansion.

Note that multiple commands separated by the command separator '&&'

are accepted for string if surrounded by quotes. Also, for compatibility

reasons, /X is the same as /E:ON, /Y is the same as /E:OFF and /R is the

same as /C. Any other switches are ignored.

If /C or /K is specified, then the remainder of the command line after

the switch is processed as a command line, where the following logic is

used to process quote (") characters:

1. If all of the following conditions are met, then quote characters

on the command line are preserved:

- no /S switch

- exactly two quote characters

- no special characters between the two quote characters,

where special is one of: &<>()@^|

- there are one or more whitespace characters between the

two quote characters

- the string between the two quote characters is the name

of an executable file.

2. Otherwise, old behavior is to see if the first character is

a quote character and if so, strip the leading character and

remove the last quote character on the command line, preserving

any text after the last quote character.

�If /D was NOT specified on the command line, then when CMD.EXE starts, it

looks for the following REG_SZ/REG_EXPAND_SZ registry variables, and if

either or both are present, they are executed first.

HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Microsoft\Command Processor\AutoRun

and/or

HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Command Processor\AutoRun

Command Extensions are enabled by default. You may also disable

extensions for a particular invocation by using the /E:OFF switch. You

can enable or disable extensions for all invocations of CMD.EXE on a

machine and/or user logon session by setting either or both of the

following REG_DWORD values in the registry using REGEDIT.EXE:

HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Microsoft\Command Processor\EnableExtensions

and/or

HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Command Processor\EnableExtensions

to either 0x1 or 0x0. The user specific setting takes precedence over

the machine setting. The command line switches take precedence over the

registry settings.

In a batch file, the SETLOCAL ENABLEEXTENSIONS or DISABLEEXTENSIONS arguments

takes precedence over the /E:ON or /E:OFF switch. See SETLOCAL /? for details.

The command extensions involve changes and/or additions to the following

commands:

DEL or ERASE

COLOR

CD or CHDIR

MD or MKDIR

PROMPT

PUSHD

POPD

SET

SETLOCAL

ENDLOCAL

FOR

CALL

SHIFT

GOTO

START (also includes changes to external command invocation)

ASSOC

FTYPE

To get specific details, type commandname /? to view the specifics.

�

Delayed environment variable expansion is NOT enabled by default. You

can enable or disable delayed environment variable expansion for a

particular invocation of CMD.EXE with the /V:ON or /V:OFF switch. You

can enable or disable delayed expansion for all invocations of CMD.EXE on a

machine and/or user logon session by setting either or both of the

following REG_DWORD values in the registry using REGEDIT.EXE:

HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Microsoft\Command Processor\DelayedExpansion

and/or

HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Command Processor\DelayedExpansion

to either 0x1 or 0x0. The user specific setting takes precedence over

the machine setting. The command line switches take precedence over the

registry settings.

In a batch file the SETLOCAL ENABLEDELAYEDEXPANSION or DISABLEDELAYEDEXPANSION

arguments takes precedence over the /V:ON or /V:OFF switch. See SETLOCAL /?

for details.

If delayed environment variable expansion is enabled, then the exclamation

character can be used to substitute the value of an environment variable

at execution time.

�

You can enable or disable file name completion for a particular

invocation of CMD.EXE with the /F:ON or /F:OFF switch. You can enable

or disable completion for all invocations of CMD.EXE on a machine and/or

user logon session by setting either or both of the following REG_DWORD

values in the registry using REGEDIT.EXE:

HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Microsoft\Command Processor\CompletionChar

HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Microsoft\Command Processor\PathCompletionChar

and/or

HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Command Processor\CompletionChar

HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Command Processor\PathCompletionChar

with the hex value of a control character to use for a particular

function (e.g. 0x4 is Ctrl-D and 0x6 is Ctrl-F). The user specific

settings take precedence over the machine settings. The command line

switches take precedence over the registry settings.

If completion is enabled with the /F:ON switch, the two control

characters used are Ctrl-D for directory name completion and Ctrl-F for

file name completion. To disable a particular completion character in

the registry, use the value for space (0x20) as it is not a valid

control character.

�

Completion is invoked when you type either of the two control

characters. The completion function takes the path string to the left

of the cursor appends a wild card character to it if none is already

present and builds up a list of paths that match. It then displays the

first matching path. If no paths match, it just beeps and leaves the

display alone. Thereafter, repeated pressing of the same control

character will cycle through the list of matching paths. Pressing the

Shift key with the control character will move through the list

backwards. If you edit the line in any way and press the control

character again, the saved list of matching paths is discarded and a new

one generated. The same occurs if you switch between file and directory

name completion. The only difference between the two control characters

is the file completion character matches both file and directory names,

while the directory completion character only matches directory names.

If file completion is used on any of the built in directory commands

(CD, MD or RD) then directory completion is assumed.

The completion code deals correctly with file names that contain spaces

or other special characters by placing quotes around the matching path.

Also, if you back up, then invoke completion from within a line, the

text to the right of the cursor at the point completion was invoked is

discarded.

The special characters that require quotes are:

<space>

&()[]{}^=;!%'+,`~

TCommand Processor Extensions Enabled

�Command Processor Extensions enabled by default. Use CMD /? for details.

,Deleted file - %1

Displays or modifies file extension associations

ASSOC [.ext[=[fileType]]]

.ext Specifies the file extension to associate the file type with

fileType Specifies the file type to associate with the file extension

Type ASSOC without parameters to display the current file associations.

If ASSOC is invoked with just a file extension, it displays the current

file association for that file extension. Specify nothing for the file

type and the command will delete the association for the file extension.

`File association not found for extension %1

Displays or modifies file types used in file extension associations

FTYPE [fileType[=[openCommandString]]]

fileType Specifies the file type to examine or change

openCommandString Specifies the open command to use when launching files

of this type.

Type FTYPE without parameters to display the current file types that

have open command strings defined. FTYPE is invoked with just a file

type, it displays the current open command string for that file type.

Specify nothing for the open command string and the FTYPE command will

delete the open command string for the file type. Within an open

command string %%0 or %%1 are substituted with the file name being

launched through the assocation. %%* gets all the parameters and %%2

gets the 1st parameter, %%3 the second, etc. %%~n gets all the remaining

parameters starting with the nth parameter, where n may be between 2 and 9,

inclusive. For example:

ASSOC .pl=PerlScript

FTYPE PerlScript=perl.exe %%1 %%*

would allow you to invoke a Perl script as follows:

script.pl 1 2 3

If you want to eliminate the need to type the extensions, then do the

following:

set PATHEXT=.pl;%%PATHEXT%%

and the script could be invoked as follows:

script 1 2 3

�File type '%1' not found or no open command associated with it.

TInvalid parameter to SETLOCAL command

�The restartable option to the COPY command is not supported by

this version of the operating system.

The following usage of the path operator in batch-parameter

substitution is invalid: %1

For valid formats type CALL /? or FOR /?

PEnvironment variable %1 not defined

�Invalid attempt to call batch label outside of batch script.

tThe system cannot find the batch label specified - %1

�The unicode output option to CMD.EXE is not supported by this

version of the operating system.

�

If Command Extensions are enabled DEL and ERASE change as follows:

The display semantics of the /S switch are reversed in that it shows

you only the files that are deleted, not the ones it could not find.

�

If Command Extensions are enabled CHDIR changes as follows:

The current directory string is converted to use the same case as

the on disk names. So CD C:\TEMP would actually set the current

directory to C:\Temp if that is the case on disk.

CHDIR command does not treat spaces as delimiters, so it is possible to

CD into a subdirectory name that contains a space without surrounding

the name with quotes. For example:

cd \winnt\profiles\username\programs\start menu

is the same as:

cd "\winnt\profiles\username\programs\start menu"

which is what you would have to type if extensions were disabled.

If Command Extensions are enabled MKDIR changes as follows:

MKDIR creates any intermediate directories in the path, if needed.

For example, assume \a does not exist then:

mkdir \a\b\c\d

is the same as:

mkdir \a

chdir \a

mkdir b

chdir b

mkdir c

chdir c

mkdir d

which is what you would have to type if extensions were disabled.

If Command Extensions are enabled the DATE command supports

the /T switch which tells the command to just output the

current date, without prompting for a new date.

If Command Extensions are enabled the TIME command supports

the /T switch which tells the command to just output the

current time, without prompting for a new time.

If Command Extensions are enabled the PROMPT command supports

the following additional formatting characters:

$+ zero or more plus sign (+) characters depending upon the

depth of the PUSHD directory stack, one character for each

level pushed.

$M Displays the remote name associated with the current drive

letter or the empty string if current drive is not a network

drive.

If Command Extensions are enabled the PUSHD command accepts

network paths in addition to the normal drive letter and path.

If a network path is specified, PUSHD will create a temporary

drive letter that points to that specified network resource and

then change the current drive and directory, using the newly

defined drive letter. Temporary drive letters are allocated from

Z: on down, using the first unused drive letter found.

If Command Extensions are enabled the POPD command will delete

any temporary drive letter created by PUSHD when you POPD that

drive off the pushed directory stack.

If Command Extensions are enabled SET changes as follows:

SET command invoked with just a variable name, no equal sign or value

will display the value of all variables whose prefix matches the name

given to the SET command. For example:

SET P

would display all variables that begin with the letter 'P'

SET command will set the ERRORLEVEL to 1 if the variable name is not

found in the current environment.

SET command will not allow an equal sign to be part of the name of

a variable.

Two new switches have been added to the SET command:

SET /A expression

SET /P variable=[promptString]

The /A switch specifies that the string to the right of the equal sign

is a numerical expression that is evaluated. The expression evaluator

is pretty simple and supports the following operations, in decreasing

order of precedence:

() - grouping

! ~ - - unary operators

* / %% - arithmetic operators

+ - - arithmetic operators

<< >> - logical shift

& - bitwise and

^ - bitwise exclusive or

| - bitwise or

= *= /= %%= += -= - assignment

&= ^= |= <<= >>=

, - expression separator

If you use any of the logical or modulus operators, you will need to

enclose the expression string in quotes. Any non-numeric strings in the

expression are treated as environment variable names whose values are

converted to numbers before using them. If an environment variable name

is specified but is not defined in the current environment, then a value

of zero is used. This allows you to do arithmetic with environment

variable values without having to type all those %% signs to get their

values. If SET /A is executed from the command line outside of a

command script, then it displays the final value of the expression. The

assignment operator requires an environment variable name to the left of

the assignment operator. Numeric values are decimal numbers, unless

prefixed by 0x for hexadecimal numbers, and 0 for octal numbers.

So 0x12 is the same as 18 is the same as 022. Please note that the octal

notation can be confusing: 08 and 09 are not valid numbers because 8 and

9 are not valid octal digits.

�

The /P switch allows you to set the value of a variable to a line of input

entered by the user. Displays the specified promptString before reading

the line of input. The promptString can be empty.

Environment variable substitution has been enhanced as follows:

%%PATH:str1=str2%%

would expand the PATH environment variable, substituting each occurrence

of "str1" in the expanded result with "str2". "str2" can be the empty

string to effectively delete all occurrences of "str1" from the expanded

output. "str1" can begin with an asterisk, in which case it will match

everything from the beginning of the expanded output to the first

occurrence of the remaining portion of str1.

May also specify substrings for an expansion.

%%PATH:~10,5%%

would expand the PATH environment variable, and then use only the 5

characters that begin at the 11th (offset 10) character of the expanded

result. If the length is not specified, then it defaults to the

remainder of the variable value. If either number (offset or length) is

negative, then the number used is the length of the environment variable

value added to the offset or length specified.

%%PATH:~-10%%

would extract the last 10 characters of the PATH variable.

%%PATH:~0,-2%%

would extract all but the last 2 characters of the PATH variable.

�

Finally, support for delayed environment variable expansion has been

added. This support is always disabled by default, but may be

enabled/disabled via the /V command line switch to CMD.EXE. See CMD /?

Delayed environment variable expansion is useful for getting around

the limitations of the current expansion which happens when a line

of text is read, not when it is executed. The following example

demonstrates the problem with immediate variable expansion:

set VAR=before

if "%%VAR%%" == "before" (

set VAR=after

if "%%VAR%%" == "after" @echo If you see this, it worked

)

would never display the message, since the %%VAR%% in BOTH IF statements

is substituted when the first IF statement is read, since it logically

includes the body of the IF, which is a compound statement. So the

IF inside the compound statement is really comparing "before" with

"after" which will never be equal. Similarly, the following example

will not work as expected:

set LIST=

for %%i in (*) do set LIST=%%LIST%% %%i

echo %%LIST%%

in that it will NOT build up a list of files in the current directory,

but instead will just set the LIST variable to the last file found.

Again, this is because the %%LIST%% is expanded just once when the

FOR statement is read, and at that time the LIST variable is empty.

So the actual FOR loop we are executing is:

for %%i in (*) do set LIST= %%i

which just keeps setting LIST to the last file found.

Delayed environment variable expansion allows you to use a different

character (the exclamation mark) to expand environment variables at

execution time. If delayed variable expansion is enabled, the above

examples could be written as follows to work as intended:

set VAR=before

if "%%VAR%%" == "before" (

set VAR=after

if "!VAR!" == "after" @echo If you see this, it worked

)

set LIST=

for %%i in (*) do set LIST=!LIST! %%i

echo %%LIST%%

If Command Extensions are enabled, then there are several dynamic

environment variables that can be expanded but which don't show up in

the list of variables displayed by SET. These variable values are

computed dynamically each time the value of the variable is expanded.

If the user explicitly defines a variable with one of these names, then

that definition will override the dynamic one described below:

%%CD%% - expands to the current directory string.

%%DATE%% - expands to current date using same format as DATE command.

%%TIME%% - expands to current time using same format as TIME command.

%%RANDOM%% - expands to a random decimal number between 0 and 32767.

%%ERRORLEVEL%% - expands to the current ERRORLEVEL value

%%CMDEXTVERSION%% - expands to the current Command Processor Extensions

version number.

%%CMDCMDLINE%% - expands to the original command line that invoked the

Command Processor.

%%HIGHESTNUMANODENUMBER%% - expands to the highest NUMA node number

on this machine.

�

If Command Extensions are enabled GOTO changes as follows:

GOTO command now accepts a target label of :EOF which transfers control

to the end of the current batch script file. This is an easy way to

exit a batch script file without defining a label. Type CALL /? for a

description of extensions to the CALL command that make this feature

useful.

If Command Extensions are enabled the SHIFT command supports

the /n switch which tells the command to start shifting at the

nth argument, where n may be between zero and eight. For example:

SHIFT /2

would shift %%3 to %%2, %%4 to %%3, etc. and leave %%0 and %%1 unaffected.

If Command Extensions are enabled CALL changes as follows:

CALL command now accepts labels as the target of the CALL. The syntax

is:

CALL :label arguments

A new batch file context is created with the specified arguments and

control is passed to the statement after the label specified. You must

"exit" twice by reaching the end of the batch script file twice. The

first time you read the end, control will return to just after the CALL

statement. The second time will exit the batch script. Type GOTO /?

for a description of the GOTO :EOF extension that will allow you to

"return" from a batch script.

In addition, expansion of batch script argument references (%%0, %%1,

etc.) have been changed as follows:

%%* in a batch script refers to all the arguments (e.g. %%1 %%2 %%3

%%4 %%5 ...)

Substitution of batch parameters (%%n) has been enhanced. You can

now use the following optional syntax:

%%~1 - expands %%1 removing any surrounding quotes (")

%%~f1 - expands %%1 to a fully qualified path name

%%~d1 - expands %%1 to a drive letter only

%%~p1 - expands %%1 to a path only

%%~n1 - expands %%1 to a file name only

%%~x1 - expands %%1 to a file extension only

%%~s1 - expanded path contains short names only

%%~a1 - expands %%1 to file attributes

%%~t1 - expands %%1 to date/time of file

%%~z1 - expands %%1 to size of file

%%~$PATH:1 - searches the directories listed in the PATH

environment variable and expands %%1 to the fully

qualified name of the first one found. If the

environment variable name is not defined or the

file is not found by the search, then this

modifier expands to the empty string

The modifiers can be combined to get compound results:

%%~dp1 - expands %%1 to a drive letter and path only

%%~nx1 - expands %%1 to a file name and extension only

%%~dp$PATH:1 - searches the directories listed in the PATH

environment variable for %%1 and expands to the

drive letter and path of the first one found.

%%~ftza1 - expands %%1 to a DIR like output line

In the above examples %%1 and PATH can be replaced by other

valid values. The %%~ syntax is terminated by a valid argument

number. The %%~ modifiers may not be used with %%*

If Command Extensions are enabled SETLOCAL changes as follows:

SETLOCAL batch command now accepts optional arguments:

ENABLEEXTENSIONS / DISABLEEXTENSIONS

enable or disable command processor extensions. These

arguments takes precedence over the CMD /E:ON or /E:OFF

switches. See CMD /? for details.

ENABLEDELAYEDEXPANSION / DISABLEDELAYEDEXPANSION

enable or disable delayed environment variable

expansion. These arguments takes precedence over the CMD

/V:ON or /V:OFF switches. See CMD /? for details.

These modifications last until the matching ENDLOCAL command,

regardless of their setting prior to the SETLOCAL command.

The SETLOCAL command will set the ERRORLEVEL value if given

an argument. It will be zero if one of the two valid arguments

is given and one otherwise. You can use this in batch scripts

to determine if the extensions are available, using the following

technique:

VERIFY OTHER 2>nul

SETLOCAL ENABLEEXTENSIONS

IF ERRORLEVEL 1 echo Unable to enable extensions

This works because on old versions of CMD.EXE, SETLOCAL does NOT

set the ERRORLEVEL value. The VERIFY command with a bad argument

initializes the ERRORLEVEL value to a non-zero value.

�

If Command Extensions are enabled ENDLOCAL changes as follows:

If the corresponding SETLOCAL enable or disabled command extensions

using the new ENABLEEXTENSIONS or DISABLEEXTENSIONS options, then

after the ENDLOCAL, the enabled/disabled state of command extensions

will be restored to what it was prior to the matching SETLOCAL

command execution.

If Command Extensions are enabled, external command invocation

through the command line or the START command changes as follows:

non-executable files may be invoked through their file association just

by typing the name of the file as a command. (e.g. WORD.DOC would

launch the application associated with the .DOC file extension).

See the ASSOC and FTYPE commands for how to create these

associations from within a command script.

When executing an application that is a 32-bit GUI application, CMD.EXE

does not wait for the application to terminate before returning to

the command prompt. This new behavior does NOT occur if executing

within a command script.

When executing a command line whose first token is the string "CMD "

without an extension or path qualifier, then "CMD" is replaced with

the value of the COMSPEC variable. This prevents picking up CMD.EXE

from the current directory.

When executing a command line whose first token does NOT contain an

extension, then CMD.EXE uses the value of the PATHEXT

environment variable to determine which extensions to look for

and in what order. The default value for the PATHEXT variable

is:

.COM;.EXE;.BAT;.CMD

Notice the syntax is the same as the PATH variable, with

semicolons separating the different elements.

When searching for an executable, if there is no match on any extension,

then looks to see if the name matches a directory name. If it does, the

START command launches the Explorer on that path. If done from the

command line, it is the equivalent to doing a CD /D to that path.

If Command Extensions are enabled, and running on the Windows

platform, then the BREAK command will enter a hard coded breakpoint

if being debugged by a debugger.

If Command Extensions are enabled, the following additional

forms of the FOR command are supported:

FOR /D %%variable IN (set) DO command [command-parameters]

If set contains wildcards, then specifies to match against directory

names instead of file names.

FOR /R [[drive:]path] %%variable IN (set) DO command [command-parameters]

Walks the directory tree rooted at [drive:]path, executing the FOR

statement in each directory of the tree. If no directory

specification is specified after /R then the current directory is

assumed. If set is just a single period (.) character then it

will just enumerate the directory tree.

FOR /L %%variable IN (start,step,end) DO command [command-parameters]

The set is a sequence of numbers from start to end, by step amount.

So (1,1,5) would generate the sequence 1 2 3 4 5 and (5,-1,1) would

generate the sequence (5 4 3 2 1)

FOR /F ["options"] %%variable IN (file-set) DO command [command-parameters]

FOR /F ["options"] %%variable IN ("string") DO command [command-parameters]

FOR /F ["options"] %%variable IN ('command') DO command [command-parameters]

or, if usebackq option present:

FOR /F ["options"] %%variable IN (file-set) DO command [command-parameters]

FOR /F ["options"] %%variable IN ('string') DO command [command-parameters]

FOR /F ["options"] %%variable IN (`command`) DO command [command-parameters]

file-set is one or more file names. Each file is opened, read

and processed before going on to the next file in file-set.

Processing consists of reading in the file, breaking it up into

individual lines of text and then parsing each line into zero or

more tokens. The body of the for loop is then called with the

variable value(s) set to the found token string(s). By default, /F

passes the first blank separated token from each line of each file.

Blank lines are skipped. You can override the default parsing

behavior by specifying the optional "options" parameter. This

is a quoted string which contains one or more keywords to specify

different parsing options. The keywords are:

�

eol=c - specifies an end of line comment character

(just one)

skip=n - specifies the number of lines to skip at the

beginning of the file.

delims=xxx - specifies a delimiter set. This replaces the

default delimiter set of space and tab.

tokens=x,y,m-n - specifies which tokens from each line are to

be passed to the for body for each iteration.

This will cause additional variable names to

be allocated. The m-n form is a range,

specifying the mth through the nth tokens. If

the last character in the tokens= string is an

asterisk, then an additional variable is

allocated and receives the remaining text on

the line after the last token parsed.

usebackq - specifies that the new semantics are in force,

where a back quoted string is executed as a

command and a single quoted string is a

literal string command and allows the use of

double quotes to quote file names in

file-set.

Some examples might help:

FOR /F "eol=; tokens=2,3* delims=, " %%i in (myfile.txt) do @echo %%i %%j %%k

would parse each line in myfile.txt, ignoring lines that begin with

a semicolon, passing the 2nd and 3rd token from each line to the for

body, with tokens delimited by commas and/or spaces. Notice the for

body statements reference %%i to get the 2nd token, %%j to get the

3rd token, and %%k to get all remaining tokens after the 3rd. For

file names that contain spaces, you need to quote the filenames with

double quotes. In order to use double quotes in this manner, you also

need to use the usebackq option, otherwise the double quotes will be

interpreted as defining a literal string to parse.

%%i is explicitly declared in the for statement and the %%j and %%k

are implicitly declared via the tokens= option. You can specify up

to 26 tokens via the tokens= line, provided it does not cause an

attempt to declare a variable higher than the letter 'z' or 'Z'.

Remember, FOR variables are single-letter, case sensitive, global,

and you can't have more than 52 total active at any one time.

You can also use the FOR /F parsing logic on an immediate string, by

making the file-set between the parenthesis a quoted string,

using single quote characters. It will be treated as a single line

of input from a file and parsed.

Finally, you can use the FOR /F command to parse the output of a

command. You do this by making the file-set between the

parenthesis a back quoted string. It will be treated as a command

line, which is passed to a child CMD.EXE and the output is captured

into memory and parsed as if it was a file. So the following

example:

FOR /F "usebackq delims==" %%i IN (`set`) DO @echo %%i

would enumerate the environment variable names in the current

environment.

�

In addition, substitution of FOR variable references has been enhanced.

You can now use the following optional syntax:

%%~I - expands %%I removing any surrounding quotes (")

%%~fI - expands %%I to a fully qualified path name

%%~dI - expands %%I to a drive letter only

%%~pI - expands %%I to a path only

%%~nI - expands %%I to a file name only

%%~xI - expands %%I to a file extension only

%%~sI - expanded path contains short names only

%%~aI - expands %%I to file attributes of file

%%~tI - expands %%I to date/time of file

%%~zI - expands %%I to size of file

%%~$PATH:I - searches the directories listed in the PATH

environment variable and expands %%I to the

fully qualified name of the first one found.

If the environment variable name is not

defined or the file is not found by the

search, then this modifier expands to the

empty string

The modifiers can be combined to get compound results:

%%~dpI - expands %%I to a drive letter and path only

%%~nxI - expands %%I to a file name and extension only

%%~fsI - expands %%I to a full path name with short names only

%%~dp$PATH:I - searches the directories listed in the PATH

environment variable for %%I and expands to the

drive letter and path of the first one found.

%%~ftzaI - expands %%I to a DIR like output line

In the above examples %%I and PATH can be replaced by other valid

values. The %%~ syntax is terminated by a valid FOR variable name.

Picking upper case variable names like %%I makes it more readable and

avoids confusion with the modifiers, which are not case sensitive.

�

If Command Extensions are enabled IF changes as follows:

IF [/I] string1 compare-op string2 command

IF CMDEXTVERSION number command

IF DEFINED variable command

where compare-op may be one of:

EQU - equal

NEQ - not equal

LSS - less than

LEQ - less than or equal

GTR - greater than

GEQ - greater than or equal

and the /I switch, if specified, says to do case insensitive string

compares. The /I switch can also be used on the string1==string2 form

of IF. These comparisons are generic, in that if both string1 and

string2 are both comprised of all numeric digits, then the strings are

converted to numbers and a numeric comparison is performed.

The CMDEXTVERSION conditional works just like ERRORLEVEL, except it is

comparing against an internal version number associated with the Command

Extensions. The first version is 1. It will be incremented by one when

significant enhancements are added to the Command Extensions.

CMDEXTVERSION conditional is never true when Command Extensions are

disabled.

The DEFINED conditional works just like EXIST except it takes an

environment variable name and returns true if the environment variable

is defined.

�

%%ERRORLEVEL%% will expand into a string representation of

the current value of ERRORLEVEL, provided that there is not already

an environment variable with the name ERRORLEVEL, in which case you

will get its value instead. After running a program, the following

illustrates ERRORLEVEL use:

goto answer%%ERRORLEVEL%%

:answer0

echo Program had return code 0

:answer1

echo Program had return code 1

You can also use numerical comparisons above:

IF %%ERRORLEVEL%% LEQ 1 goto okay

%%CMDCMDLINE%% will expand into the original command line passed to

CMD.EXE prior to any processing by CMD.EXE, provided that there is not

already an environment variable with the name CMDCMDLINE, in which case

you will get its value instead.

%%CMDEXTVERSION%% will expand into a string representation of the

current value of CMDEXTVERSION, provided that there is not already

an environment variable with the name CMDEXTVERSION, in which case you

will get its value instead.

|Enables or disables command line editing on DOS system

This is present for Compatibility with DOS systems. It has no effect

under Windows, as command line editing is always enabled.

'%1'

CMD.EXE was started with the above path as the current directory.

UNC paths are not supported. Defaulting to Windows directory.

�'%1'

CMD does not support UNC paths as current directories.

�UNC paths not supported for current directory. Using

PUSHD %1

to create temporary drive letter to support UNC current

directory. Use POPD or EXIT to delete temporary drive

letter.

PInvalid parameter to SHIFT command

8Unbalanced parenthesis.

,Missing operand.

,Missing operator.

�Invalid number. Numeric constants are either decimal (17),

hexadecimal (0x11), or octal (021).

�Invalid number. Numbers are limited to 32-bits of precision.

4Divide by zero error.

�The COMSPEC environment variable does not point to CMD.EXE.

HOverwrite %1? (Yes/No/All): %0

NYA%0

$<JUNCTION> %0

$<SYMLINKD> %0

$<SYMLINK> %0

TThe directory name %1\%2 is too long.

LThe full path of %1 is too long.

@The path %1\%2 is too long.

<The FTYPE %1 is too long.

@Unable to find library %1.

LCannot find function %1!S!:%2!S!.

LCannot find ordinal %1!S!:%2!d!.

DThe command line is too long.

�The file %1 was copied, but CMD is unable to reset the

READ_ONLY attribute.

(File Not Found

,Could Not Find %1

lThe FAT File System only support Last Write Times

�Begins localization of environment changes in a batch file. Environment

changes made after SETLOCAL has been issued are local to the batch file.

ENDLOCAL must be issued to restore the previous settings. When the end

of a batch script is reached, an implied ENDLOCAL is executed for any

outstanding SETLOCAL commands issued by that batch script.

SETLOCAL

�Ends localization of environment changes in a batch file.

Environment changes made after ENDLOCAL has been issued are

not local to the batch file; the previous settings are not

restored on termination of the batch file.

ENDLOCAL

Sets the window title for the command prompt window.

TITLE [string]

string Specifies the title for the command prompt window.

�Allows programs to open data files in specified directories as if they were

in the current directory.

APPEND [[drive:]path[;...]] [/X[:ON | :OFF]] [/PATH:ON | /PATH:OFF] [/E]

APPEND ;

[drive:]path Specifies a drive and directory to append.

/X:ON Applies appended directories to file searches and

application execution.

/X:OFF Applies appended directories only to requests to open files.

/X:OFF is the default setting.

/PATH:ON Applies the appended directories to file requests that already

specify a path. /PATH:ON is the default setting.

/PATH:OFF Turns off the effect of /PATH:ON.

/E Stores a copy of the appended directory list in an environment

variable named APPEND. /E may be used only the first time

you use APPEND after starting up your system.

Type APPEND ; to clear the appended directory list.

Type APPEND without parameters to display the appended directory list.

�
Moves files and renames files and directories.

To move one or more files:

MOVE [/Y | /-Y] [drive:][path]filename1[,...] destination

To rename a directory:

MOVE [/Y | /-Y] [drive:][path]dirname1 dirname2

[drive:][path]filename1 Specifies the location and name of the file

or files you want to move.

destination Specifies the new location of the file. Destination

can consist of a drive letter and colon, a

directory name, or a combination. If you are moving

only one file, you can also include a filename if

you want to rename the file when you move it.

[drive:][path]dirname1 Specifies the directory you want to rename.

dirname2 Specifies the new name of the directory.

/Y Suppresses prompting to confirm you want to

overwrite an existing destination file.

/-Y Causes prompting to confirm you want to overwrite

an existing destination file.

The switch /Y may be present in the COPYCMD environment variable.

This may be overridden with /-Y on the command line. Default is

to prompt on overwrites unless MOVE command is being executed from

within a batch script.

�Stores the current directory for use by the POPD command, then

changes to the specified directory.

PUSHD [path | ..]

path Specifies the directory to make the current directory.

�Changes to the directory stored by the PUSHD command.

POPD

%1 - %0

\Maximum setlocal recursion level reached.

LEnter the new date: (yy-mm-dd) %0

LEnter the new date: (dd-mm-yy) %0

,ERROR Verify - %1

dCannot move multiple files to a single file.

�The handle could not be opened

during redirection of handle %1.

,%r%1%% copied %0

Sets the default console foreground and background colors.

COLOR [attr]

attr Specifies color attribute of console output

Color attributes are specified by TWO hex digits -- the first

corresponds to the background; the second the foreground. Each digit

can be any of the following values:

0 = Black 8 = Gray

1 = Blue 9 = Light Blue

2 = Green A = Light Green

3 = Aqua B = Light Aqua

4 = Red C = Light Red

5 = Purple D = Light Purple

6 = Yellow E = Light Yellow

7 = White F = Bright White

If no argument is given, this command restores the color to what it was

when CMD.EXE started. This value either comes from the current console

window, the /T command line switch or from the DefaultColor registry

value.

The COLOR command sets ERRORLEVEL to 1 if an attempt is made to execute

the COLOR command with a foreground and background color that are the

same.

Example: "COLOR fc" produces light red on bright white

LMaximum path length exceeded - %1

|****** B A T C H R E C U R S I O N exceeds STACK limits ******

Recursion Count=%1!d!, Stack Usage=%2!d! percent

****** B A T C H PROCESSING IS A B O R T E D ******

�There are too many directories already in the PUSHD stack.

�

The command prompt has been disabled by your administrator.

�Creates a symbolic link.

MKLINK [[/D] | [/H] | [/J]] Link Target

/D Creates a directory symbolic link. Default is a file

symbolic link.

/H Creates a hard link instead of a symbolic link.

/J Creates a Directory Junction.

Link Specifies the new symbolic link name.

Target Specifies the path (relative or absolute) that the new link

refers to.

\Hardlink created for %1!s! <<===>> %2!s!

dsymbolic link created for %1!s! <<===>> %2!s!

\Junction created for %1!s! <<===>> %2!s!

�Local NTFS volumes are required to complete the operation.

�The new link and the existing file must be on the same NTFS volume.

`The device does not support symbolic links.

�You do not have sufficient privilege to perform this operation.

�Allows control of file operations via transactions to commit or abort

changes.

TRANSACTION [/START | /COMMIT | /ROLLBACK | /SUSPEND | /RESUME]

/START - Start a new transaction. Only one can be pending

at a time.

/COMMIT - Commit all changes for the current transaction.

/ROLLBACK - Rolls back all changes for the current transaction.

/SUSPEND - Disables the running transaction, leaving it pending,

and continue in non-transacted mode.

/RESUME - Enable the transaction disabled with suspend.

For both commit and rollback, the transaction is then closed after

the command executes.

If no argument is given, this command displays the current state of the

transaction for CMD.EXE.

0Transaction ID: %1

TAn active transaction is in progress.

HThere is no active transaction.

dA transaction has been successfully started.

�There is no transaction to commit, rollback, suspend or resume.

An active transaction is already in progress. A new one cannot

be started until the current one is committed or rolled back.

�Cannot commit or rollback a transaction that has been inherited

from another process.

�Cannot commit a transaction that was started outside of a batch

file from within a batch file.

�Cannot suspend a transaction because a transaction is already

suspended.

�Cannot resume a transaction because no transaction is currently

suspended.

�Cannot resume a transaction suspended in a previous batch file.

LTransaction successfully resumed.

PTransaction successfully suspended.

There are still %1 process(es) running within this

transaction. Commit or rollback will continue once those

processes have terminated.

hThis transaction has already been rolled back.

dThe current transaction has been rolled back.

�The current transaction has been rolled back because

CMD exited or the batch file completed.

dThis transaction has already been committed.

`The current transaction has been committed.

�The current transaction has been committed or aborted outside of

CMD, and has been successfully abandoned.

�Failed to query transaction state. Unknown outcome state is %1

,Administrator: %0

tLocal volumes are required to complete the operation.

�'%1' was blocked by your organization's Device Guard policy.

Contact your support person for more info.

�4VS_VERSION_INFO��

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