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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>8.11. Text Search Types</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="stylesheet.css" /><link rev="made" href="pgsql-docs@lists.postgresql.org" /><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets Vsnapshot" /><link rel="prev" href="datatype-bit.html" title="8.10. Bit String Types" /><link rel="next" href="datatype-uuid.html" title="8.12. UUID Type" /></head><body id="docContent" class="container-fluid col-10"><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="5" align="center">8.11. Text Search Types</th></tr><tr><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="datatype-bit.html" title="8.10. Bit String Types">Prev</a> </td><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="u" href="datatype.html" title="Chapter 8. Data Types">Up</a></td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 8. Data Types</th><td width="10%" align="right"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 16.3 Documentation">Home</a></td><td width="10%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="datatype-uuid.html" title="8.12. UUID Type">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" id="DATATYPE-TEXTSEARCH"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">8.11. Text Search Types <a href="#DATATYPE-TEXTSEARCH" class="id_link">#</a></h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><dl class="toc"><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="datatype-textsearch.html#DATATYPE-TSVECTOR">8.11.1. <code class="type">tsvector</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="datatype-textsearch.html#DATATYPE-TSQUERY">8.11.2. <code class="type">tsquery</code></a></span></dt></dl></div><a id="id-1.5.7.19.2" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id-1.5.7.19.3" class="indexterm"></a><p>
<span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> provides two data types that
are designed to support full text search, which is the activity of
searching through a collection of natural-language <em class="firstterm">documents</em>
to locate those that best match a <em class="firstterm">query</em>.
The <code class="type">tsvector</code> type represents a document in a form optimized
for text search; the <code class="type">tsquery</code> type similarly represents
a text query.
<a class="xref" href="textsearch.html" title="Chapter 12. Full Text Search">Chapter 12</a> provides a detailed explanation of this
facility, and <a class="xref" href="functions-textsearch.html" title="9.13. Text Search Functions and Operators">Section 9.13</a> summarizes the
related functions and operators.
</p><div class="sect2" id="DATATYPE-TSVECTOR"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">8.11.1. <code class="type">tsvector</code> <a href="#DATATYPE-TSVECTOR" class="id_link">#</a></h3></div></div></div><a id="id-1.5.7.19.5.2" class="indexterm"></a><p>
A <code class="type">tsvector</code> value is a sorted list of distinct
<em class="firstterm">lexemes</em>, which are words that have been
<em class="firstterm">normalized</em> to merge different variants of the same word
(see <a class="xref" href="textsearch.html" title="Chapter 12. Full Text Search">Chapter 12</a> for details). Sorting and
duplicate-elimination are done automatically during input, as shown in
this example:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
SELECT 'a fat cat sat on a mat and ate a fat rat'::tsvector;
tsvector
----------------------------------------------------
'a' 'and' 'ate' 'cat' 'fat' 'mat' 'on' 'rat' 'sat'
</pre><p>
To represent
lexemes containing whitespace or punctuation, surround them with quotes:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
SELECT $$the lexeme ' ' contains spaces$$::tsvector;
tsvector
-------------------------------------------
' ' 'contains' 'lexeme' 'spaces' 'the'
</pre><p>
(We use dollar-quoted string literals in this example and the next one
to avoid the confusion of having to double quote marks within the
literals.) Embedded quotes and backslashes must be doubled:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
SELECT $$the lexeme 'Joe''s' contains a quote$$::tsvector;
tsvector
------------------------------------------------
'Joe''s' 'a' 'contains' 'lexeme' 'quote' 'the'
</pre><p>
Optionally, integer <em class="firstterm">positions</em>
can be attached to lexemes:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
SELECT 'a:1 fat:2 cat:3 sat:4 on:5 a:6 mat:7 and:8 ate:9 a:10 fat:11 rat:12'::tsvector;
tsvector
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
'a':1,6,10 'and':8 'ate':9 'cat':3 'fat':2,11 'mat':7 'on':5 'rat':12 'sat':4
</pre><p>
A position normally indicates the source word's location in the
document. Positional information can be used for
<em class="firstterm">proximity ranking</em>. Position values can
range from 1 to 16383; larger numbers are silently set to 16383.
Duplicate positions for the same lexeme are discarded.
</p><p>
Lexemes that have positions can further be labeled with a
<em class="firstterm">weight</em>, which can be <code class="literal">A</code>,
<code class="literal">B</code>, <code class="literal">C</code>, or <code class="literal">D</code>.
<code class="literal">D</code> is the default and hence is not shown on output:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
SELECT 'a:1A fat:2B,4C cat:5D'::tsvector;
tsvector
----------------------------
'a':1A 'cat':5 'fat':2B,4C
</pre><p>
Weights are typically used to reflect document structure, for example
by marking title words differently from body words. Text search
ranking functions can assign different priorities to the different
weight markers.
</p><p>
It is important to understand that the
<code class="type">tsvector</code> type itself does not perform any word
normalization; it assumes the words it is given are normalized
appropriately for the application. For example,
</p><pre class="programlisting">
SELECT 'The Fat Rats'::tsvector;
tsvector
--------------------
'Fat' 'Rats' 'The'
</pre><p>
For most English-text-searching applications the above words would
be considered non-normalized, but <code class="type">tsvector</code> doesn't care.
Raw document text should usually be passed through
<code class="function">to_tsvector</code> to normalize the words appropriately
for searching:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
SELECT to_tsvector('english', 'The Fat Rats');
to_tsvector
-----------------
'fat':2 'rat':3
</pre><p>
Again, see <a class="xref" href="textsearch.html" title="Chapter 12. Full Text Search">Chapter 12</a> for more detail.
</p></div><div class="sect2" id="DATATYPE-TSQUERY"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">8.11.2. <code class="type">tsquery</code> <a href="#DATATYPE-TSQUERY" class="id_link">#</a></h3></div></div></div><a id="id-1.5.7.19.6.2" class="indexterm"></a><p>
A <code class="type">tsquery</code> value stores lexemes that are to be
searched for, and can combine them using the Boolean operators
<code class="literal">&</code> (AND), <code class="literal">|</code> (OR), and
<code class="literal">!</code> (NOT), as well as the phrase search operator
<code class="literal"><-></code> (FOLLOWED BY). There is also a variant
<code class="literal"><<em class="replaceable"><code>N</code></em>></code> of the FOLLOWED BY
operator, where <em class="replaceable"><code>N</code></em> is an integer constant that
specifies the distance between the two lexemes being searched
for. <code class="literal"><-></code> is equivalent to <code class="literal"><1></code>.
</p><p>
Parentheses can be used to enforce grouping of these operators.
In the absence of parentheses, <code class="literal">!</code> (NOT) binds most tightly,
<code class="literal"><-></code> (FOLLOWED BY) next most tightly, then
<code class="literal">&</code> (AND), with <code class="literal">|</code> (OR) binding
the least tightly.
</p><p>
Here are some examples:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
SELECT 'fat & rat'::tsquery;
tsquery
---------------
'fat' & 'rat'
SELECT 'fat & (rat | cat)'::tsquery;
tsquery
---------------------------
'fat' & ( 'rat' | 'cat' )
SELECT 'fat & rat & ! cat'::tsquery;
tsquery
------------------------
'fat' & 'rat' & !'cat'
</pre><p>
</p><p>
Optionally, lexemes in a <code class="type">tsquery</code> can be labeled with
one or more weight letters, which restricts them to match only
<code class="type">tsvector</code> lexemes with one of those weights:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
SELECT 'fat:ab & cat'::tsquery;
tsquery
------------------
'fat':AB & 'cat'
</pre><p>
</p><p>
Also, lexemes in a <code class="type">tsquery</code> can be labeled with <code class="literal">*</code>
to specify prefix matching:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
SELECT 'super:*'::tsquery;
tsquery
-----------
'super':*
</pre><p>
This query will match any word in a <code class="type">tsvector</code> that begins
with <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">super</span>”</span>.
</p><p>
Quoting rules for lexemes are the same as described previously for
lexemes in <code class="type">tsvector</code>; and, as with <code class="type">tsvector</code>,
any required normalization of words must be done before converting
to the <code class="type">tsquery</code> type. The <code class="function">to_tsquery</code>
function is convenient for performing such normalization:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
SELECT to_tsquery('Fat:ab & Cats');
to_tsquery
------------------
'fat':AB & 'cat'
</pre><p>
Note that <code class="function">to_tsquery</code> will process prefixes in the same way
as other words, which means this comparison returns true:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
SELECT to_tsvector( 'postgraduate' ) @@ to_tsquery( 'postgres:*' );
?column?
----------
t
</pre><p>
because <code class="literal">postgres</code> gets stemmed to <code class="literal">postgr</code>:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
SELECT to_tsvector( 'postgraduate' ), to_tsquery( 'postgres:*' );
to_tsvector | to_tsquery
---------------+------------
'postgradu':1 | 'postgr':*
</pre><p>
which will match the stemmed form of <code class="literal">postgraduate</code>.
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