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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>36.13. C++ Applications</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="stylesheet.css" /><link rev="made" href="pgsql-docs@lists.postgresql.org" /><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets Vsnapshot" /><link rel="prev" href="ecpg-lo.html" title="36.12. Large Objects" /><link rel="next" href="ecpg-sql-commands.html" title="36.14. Embedded SQL Commands" /></head><body id="docContent" class="container-fluid col-10"><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="5" align="center">36.13. <acronym class="acronym">C++</acronym> Applications</th></tr><tr><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ecpg-lo.html" title="36.12. Large Objects">Prev</a> </td><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="u" href="ecpg.html" title="Chapter 36. ECPG — Embedded SQL in C">Up</a></td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 36. <span class="application">ECPG</span> — Embedded <acronym class="acronym">SQL</acronym> in C</th><td width="10%" align="right"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 16.3 Documentation">Home</a></td><td width="10%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ecpg-sql-commands.html" title="36.14. Embedded SQL Commands">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" id="ECPG-CPP"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">36.13. <acronym class="acronym">C++</acronym> Applications <a href="#ECPG-CPP" class="id_link">#</a></h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><dl class="toc"><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="ecpg-cpp.html#ECPG-CPP-SCOPE">36.13.1. Scope for Host Variables</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="ecpg-cpp.html#ECPG-CPP-AND-C">36.13.2. C++ Application Development with External C Module</a></span></dt></dl></div><p>
ECPG has some limited support for C++ applications. This section
describes some caveats.
</p><p>
The <code class="command">ecpg</code> preprocessor takes an input file
written in C (or something like C) and embedded SQL commands,
converts the embedded SQL commands into C language chunks, and
finally generates a <code class="filename">.c</code> file. The header file
declarations of the library functions used by the C language chunks
that <code class="command">ecpg</code> generates are wrapped
in <code class="literal">extern "C" { ... }</code> blocks when used under
C++, so they should work seamlessly in C++.
</p><p>
In general, however, the <code class="command">ecpg</code> preprocessor only
understands C; it does not handle the special syntax and reserved
words of the C++ language. So, some embedded SQL code written in
C++ application code that uses complicated features specific to C++
might fail to be preprocessed correctly or might not work as
expected.
</p><p>
A safe way to use the embedded SQL code in a C++ application is
hiding the ECPG calls in a C module, which the C++ application code
calls into to access the database, and linking that together with
the rest of the C++ code. See <a class="xref" href="ecpg-cpp.html#ECPG-CPP-AND-C" title="36.13.2. C++ Application Development with External C Module">Section 36.13.2</a>
about that.
</p><div class="sect2" id="ECPG-CPP-SCOPE"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">36.13.1. Scope for Host Variables <a href="#ECPG-CPP-SCOPE" class="id_link">#</a></h3></div></div></div><p>
The <code class="command">ecpg</code> preprocessor understands the scope of
variables in C. In the C language, this is rather simple because
the scopes of variables is based on their code blocks. In C++,
however, the class member variables are referenced in a different
code block from the declared position, so
the <code class="command">ecpg</code> preprocessor will not understand the
scope of the class member variables.
</p><p>
For example, in the following case, the <code class="command">ecpg</code>
preprocessor cannot find any declaration for the
variable <code class="literal">dbname</code> in the <code class="literal">test</code>
method, so an error will occur.
</p><pre class="programlisting">
class TestCpp
{
EXEC SQL BEGIN DECLARE SECTION;
char dbname[1024];
EXEC SQL END DECLARE SECTION;
public:
TestCpp();
void test();
~TestCpp();
};
TestCpp::TestCpp()
{
EXEC SQL CONNECT TO testdb1;
EXEC SQL SELECT pg_catalog.set_config('search_path', '', false); EXEC SQL COMMIT;
}
void Test::test()
{
EXEC SQL SELECT current_database() INTO :dbname;
printf("current_database = %s\n", dbname);
}
TestCpp::~TestCpp()
{
EXEC SQL DISCONNECT ALL;
}
</pre><p>
This code will result in an error like this:
</p><pre class="screen">
<strong class="userinput"><code>ecpg test_cpp.pgc</code></strong>
test_cpp.pgc:28: ERROR: variable "dbname" is not declared
</pre><p>
</p><p>
To avoid this scope issue, the <code class="literal">test</code> method
could be modified to use a local variable as intermediate storage.
But this approach is only a poor workaround, because it uglifies
the code and reduces performance.
</p><pre class="programlisting">
void TestCpp::test()
{
EXEC SQL BEGIN DECLARE SECTION;
char tmp[1024];
EXEC SQL END DECLARE SECTION;
EXEC SQL SELECT current_database() INTO :tmp;
strlcpy(dbname, tmp, sizeof(tmp));
printf("current_database = %s\n", dbname);
}
</pre><p>
</p></div><div class="sect2" id="ECPG-CPP-AND-C"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">36.13.2. C++ Application Development with External C Module <a href="#ECPG-CPP-AND-C" class="id_link">#</a></h3></div></div></div><p>
If you understand these technical limitations of
the <code class="command">ecpg</code> preprocessor in C++, you might come to
the conclusion that linking C objects and C++ objects at the link
stage to enable C++ applications to use ECPG features could be
better than writing some embedded SQL commands in C++ code
directly. This section describes a way to separate some embedded
SQL commands from C++ application code with a simple example. In
this example, the application is implemented in C++, while C and
ECPG is used to connect to the PostgreSQL server.
</p><p>
Three kinds of files have to be created: a C file
(<code class="filename">*.pgc</code>), a header file, and a C++ file:
</p><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt id="ECPG-CPP-AND-C-TEST-MOD-PGC"><span class="term"><code class="filename">test_mod.pgc</code></span> <a href="#ECPG-CPP-AND-C-TEST-MOD-PGC" class="id_link">#</a></dt><dd><p>
A sub-routine module to execute SQL commands embedded in C.
It is going to be converted
into <code class="filename">test_mod.c</code> by the preprocessor.
</p><pre class="programlisting">
#include "test_mod.h"
#include <stdio.h>
void
db_connect()
{
EXEC SQL CONNECT TO testdb1;
EXEC SQL SELECT pg_catalog.set_config('search_path', '', false); EXEC SQL COMMIT;
}
void
db_test()
{
EXEC SQL BEGIN DECLARE SECTION;
char dbname[1024];
EXEC SQL END DECLARE SECTION;
EXEC SQL SELECT current_database() INTO :dbname;
printf("current_database = %s\n", dbname);
}
void
db_disconnect()
{
EXEC SQL DISCONNECT ALL;
}
</pre><p>
</p></dd><dt id="ECPG-CPP-AND-C-TEST-MOD-H"><span class="term"><code class="filename">test_mod.h</code></span> <a href="#ECPG-CPP-AND-C-TEST-MOD-H" class="id_link">#</a></dt><dd><p>
A header file with declarations of the functions in the C
module (<code class="filename">test_mod.pgc</code>). It is included by
<code class="filename">test_cpp.cpp</code>. This file has to have an
<code class="literal">extern "C"</code> block around the declarations,
because it will be linked from the C++ module.
</p><pre class="programlisting">
#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {
#endif
void db_connect();
void db_test();
void db_disconnect();
#ifdef __cplusplus
}
#endif
</pre><p>
</p></dd><dt id="ECPG-CPP-AND-C-TEST-CPP-CPP"><span class="term"><code class="filename">test_cpp.cpp</code></span> <a href="#ECPG-CPP-AND-C-TEST-CPP-CPP" class="id_link">#</a></dt><dd><p>
The main code for the application, including
the <code class="function">main</code> routine, and in this example a
C++ class.
</p><pre class="programlisting">
#include "test_mod.h"
class TestCpp
{
public:
TestCpp();
void test();
~TestCpp();
};
TestCpp::TestCpp()
{
db_connect();
}
void
TestCpp::test()
{
db_test();
}
TestCpp::~TestCpp()
{
db_disconnect();
}
int
main(void)
{
TestCpp *t = new TestCpp();
t->test();
return 0;
}
</pre><p>
</p></dd></dl></div><p>
</p><p>
To build the application, proceed as follows. Convert
<code class="filename">test_mod.pgc</code> into <code class="filename">test_mod.c</code> by
running <code class="command">ecpg</code>, and generate
<code class="filename">test_mod.o</code> by compiling
<code class="filename">test_mod.c</code> with the C compiler:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
ecpg -o test_mod.c test_mod.pgc
cc -c test_mod.c -o test_mod.o
</pre><p>
</p><p>
Next, generate <code class="filename">test_cpp.o</code> by compiling
<code class="filename">test_cpp.cpp</code> with the C++ compiler:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
c++ -c test_cpp.cpp -o test_cpp.o
</pre><p>
</p><p>
Finally, link these object files, <code class="filename">test_cpp.o</code>
and <code class="filename">test_mod.o</code>, into one executable, using the C++
compiler driver:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
c++ test_cpp.o test_mod.o -lecpg -o test_cpp
</pre><p>
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