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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>22.2. Role Attributes</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="stylesheet.css" /><link rev="made" href="pgsql-docs@lists.postgresql.org" /><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets Vsnapshot" /><link rel="prev" href="database-roles.html" title="22.1. Database Roles" /><link rel="next" href="role-membership.html" title="22.3. Role Membership" /></head><body id="docContent" class="container-fluid col-10"><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="5" align="center">22.2. Role Attributes</th></tr><tr><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="database-roles.html" title="22.1. Database Roles">Prev</a> </td><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="u" href="user-manag.html" title="Chapter 22. Database Roles">Up</a></td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 22. Database Roles</th><td width="10%" align="right"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 16.3 Documentation">Home</a></td><td width="10%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="role-membership.html" title="22.3. Role Membership">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" id="ROLE-ATTRIBUTES"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">22.2. Role Attributes <a href="#ROLE-ATTRIBUTES" class="id_link">#</a></h2></div></div></div><p>
A database role can have a number of attributes that define its
privileges and interact with the client authentication system.
</p><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term">login privilege<a id="id-1.6.9.6.2.1.1.1.1" class="indexterm"></a></span></dt><dd><p>
Only roles that have the <code class="literal">LOGIN</code> attribute can be used
as the initial role name for a database connection. A role with
the <code class="literal">LOGIN</code> attribute can be considered the same
as a <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">database user</span>”</span>. To create a role with login privilege,
use either:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
CREATE ROLE <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em> LOGIN;
CREATE USER <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em>;
</pre><p>
(<code class="command">CREATE USER</code> is equivalent to <code class="command">CREATE ROLE</code>
except that <code class="command">CREATE USER</code> includes <code class="literal">LOGIN</code> by
default, while <code class="command">CREATE ROLE</code> does not.)
</p></dd><dt><span class="term">superuser status<a id="id-1.6.9.6.2.1.2.1.1" class="indexterm"></a></span></dt><dd><p>
A database superuser bypasses all permission checks, except the right
to log in. This is a dangerous privilege and should not be used
carelessly; it is best to do most of your work as a role that is not a
superuser. To create a new database superuser, use <code class="literal">CREATE
ROLE <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em> SUPERUSER</code>. You must do
this as a role that is already a superuser.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term">database creation<a id="id-1.6.9.6.2.1.3.1.1" class="indexterm"></a></span></dt><dd><p>
A role must be explicitly given permission to create databases
(except for superusers, since those bypass all permission
checks). To create such a role, use <code class="literal">CREATE ROLE
<em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em> CREATEDB</code>.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term" id="ROLE-CREATION">role creation<a id="id-1.6.9.6.2.1.4.1.1" class="indexterm"></a></span></dt><dd><p>
A role must be explicitly given permission to create more roles
(except for superusers, since those bypass all permission
checks). To create such a role, use <code class="literal">CREATE ROLE
<em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em> CREATEROLE</code>.
A role with <code class="literal">CREATEROLE</code> privilege can alter and drop
roles which have been granted to the <code class="literal">CREATEROLE</code>
user with the <code class="literal">ADMIN</code> option. Such a grant occurs
automatically when a <code class="literal">CREATEROLE</code> user that is not
a superuser creates a new role, so that by default, a
<code class="literal">CREATEROLE</code> user can alter and drop the roles
which they have created.
Altering a role includes most changes that can be made using
<code class="literal">ALTER ROLE</code>, including, for example, changing
passwords. It also includes modifications to a role that can
be made using the <code class="literal">COMMENT</code> and
<code class="literal">SECURITY LABEL</code> commands.
</p><p>
However, <code class="literal">CREATEROLE</code> does not convey the ability to
create <code class="literal">SUPERUSER</code> roles, nor does it convey any
power over <code class="literal">SUPERUSER</code> roles that already exist.
Furthermore, <code class="literal">CREATEROLE</code> does not convey the power
to create <code class="literal">REPLICATION</code> users, nor the ability to
grant or revoke the <code class="literal">REPLICATION</code> privilege, nor the
ability to modify the role properties of such users. However, it does
allow <code class="literal">ALTER ROLE ... SET</code> and
<code class="literal">ALTER ROLE ... RENAME</code> to be used on
<code class="literal">REPLICATION</code> roles, as well as the use of
<code class="literal">COMMENT ON ROLE</code>,
<code class="literal">SECURITY LABEL ON ROLE</code>,
and <code class="literal">DROP ROLE</code>.
Finally, <code class="literal">CREATEROLE</code> does not
confer the ability to grant or revoke the <code class="literal">BYPASSRLS</code>
privilege.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term">initiating replication<a id="id-1.6.9.6.2.1.5.1.1" class="indexterm"></a></span></dt><dd><p>
A role must explicitly be given permission to initiate streaming
replication (except for superusers, since those bypass all permission
checks). A role used for streaming replication must
have <code class="literal">LOGIN</code> permission as well. To create such a role, use
<code class="literal">CREATE ROLE <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em> REPLICATION
LOGIN</code>.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term">password<a id="id-1.6.9.6.2.1.6.1.1" class="indexterm"></a></span></dt><dd><p>
A password is only significant if the client authentication
method requires the user to supply a password when connecting
to the database. The <code class="option">password</code> and
<code class="option">md5</code> authentication methods
make use of passwords. Database passwords are separate from
operating system passwords. Specify a password upon role
creation with <code class="literal">CREATE ROLE
<em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em> PASSWORD '<em class="replaceable"><code>string</code></em>'</code>.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term">inheritance of privileges<a id="id-1.6.9.6.2.1.7.1.1" class="indexterm"></a></span></dt><dd><p>
A role inherits the privileges of roles it is a member of, by default.
However, to create a role which does not inherit privileges by
default, use <code class="literal">CREATE ROLE <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em>
NOINHERIT</code>. Alternatively, inheritance can be overridden
for individual grants by using <code class="literal">WITH INHERIT TRUE</code>
or <code class="literal">WITH INHERIT FALSE</code>.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term">bypassing row-level security<a id="id-1.6.9.6.2.1.8.1.1" class="indexterm"></a></span></dt><dd><p>
A role must be explicitly given permission to bypass every row-level security (RLS) policy
(except for superusers, since those bypass all permission checks).
To create such a role, use <code class="literal">CREATE ROLE <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em> BYPASSRLS</code> as a superuser.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term">connection limit<a id="id-1.6.9.6.2.1.9.1.1" class="indexterm"></a></span></dt><dd><p>
Connection limit can specify how many concurrent connections a role can make.
-1 (the default) means no limit. Specify connection limit upon role creation with
<code class="literal">CREATE ROLE <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em> CONNECTION LIMIT '<em class="replaceable"><code>integer</code></em>'</code>.
</p></dd></dl></div><p>
A role's attributes can be modified after creation with
<code class="command">ALTER ROLE</code>.<a id="id-1.6.9.6.2.3" class="indexterm"></a>
See the reference pages for the <a class="xref" href="sql-createrole.html" title="CREATE ROLE"><span class="refentrytitle">CREATE ROLE</span></a>
and <a class="xref" href="sql-alterrole.html" title="ALTER ROLE"><span class="refentrytitle">ALTER ROLE</span></a> commands for details.
</p><p>
A role can also have role-specific defaults for many of the run-time
configuration settings described in <a class="xref" href="runtime-config.html" title="Chapter 20. Server Configuration">Chapter 20</a>. For example, if for some reason you
want to disable index scans (hint: not a good idea) anytime you
connect, you can use:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
ALTER ROLE myname SET enable_indexscan TO off;
</pre><p>
This will save the setting (but not set it immediately). In
subsequent connections by this role it will appear as though
<code class="literal">SET enable_indexscan TO off</code> had been executed
just before the session started.
You can still alter this setting during the session; it will only
be the default. To remove a role-specific default setting, use
<code class="literal">ALTER ROLE <em class="replaceable"><code>rolename</code></em> RESET <em class="replaceable"><code>varname</code></em></code>.
Note that role-specific defaults attached to roles without
<code class="literal">LOGIN</code> privilege are fairly useless, since they will never
be invoked.
</p><p>
When a non-superuser creates a role using the <code class="literal">CREATEROLE</code>
privilege, the created role is automatically granted back to the creating
user, just as if the bootstrap superuser had executed the command
<code class="literal">GRANT created_user TO creating_user WITH ADMIN TRUE, SET FALSE,
INHERIT FALSE</code>. Since a <code class="literal">CREATEROLE</code> user can
only exercise special privileges with regard to an existing role if they
have <code class="literal">ADMIN OPTION</code> on it, this grant is just sufficient
to allow a <code class="literal">CREATEROLE</code> user to administer the roles they
created. However, because it is created with <code class="literal">INHERIT FALSE, SET
FALSE</code>, the <code class="literal">CREATEROLE</code> user doesn't inherit the
privileges of the created role, nor can it access the privileges of that
role using <code class="literal">SET ROLE</code>. However, since any user who has
<code class="literal">ADMIN OPTION</code> on a role can grant membership in that
role to any other user, the <code class="literal">CREATEROLE</code> user can gain
access to the created role by simply granting that role back to
themselves with the <code class="literal">INHERIT</code> and/or <code class="literal">SET</code>
options. Thus, the fact that privileges are not inherited by default nor
is <code class="literal">SET ROLE</code> granted by default is a safeguard against
accidents, not a security feature. Also note that, because this automatic
grant is granted by the bootstrap user, it cannot be removed or changed by
the <code class="literal">CREATEROLE</code> user; however, any superuser could
revoke it, modify it, and/or issue additional such grants to other
<code class="literal">CREATEROLE</code> users. Whichever <code class="literal">CREATEROLE</code>
users have <code class="literal">ADMIN OPTION</code> on a role at any given time
can administer it.
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