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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>CREATE DATABASE</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="stylesheet.css" /><link rev="made" href="pgsql-docs@lists.postgresql.org" /><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets Vsnapshot" /><link rel="prev" href="sql-createconversion.html" title="CREATE CONVERSION" /><link rel="next" href="sql-createdomain.html" title="CREATE DOMAIN" /></head><body id="docContent" class="container-fluid col-10"><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="5" align="center">CREATE DATABASE</th></tr><tr><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="sql-createconversion.html" title="CREATE CONVERSION">Prev</a> </td><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="u" href="sql-commands.html" title="SQL Commands">Up</a></td><th width="60%" align="center">SQL Commands</th><td width="10%" align="right"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 16.3 Documentation">Home</a></td><td width="10%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="sql-createdomain.html" title="CREATE DOMAIN">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="refentry" id="SQL-CREATEDATABASE"><div class="titlepage"></div><a id="id-1.9.3.61.1" class="indexterm"></a><div class="refnamediv"><h2><span class="refentrytitle">CREATE DATABASE</span></h2><p>CREATE DATABASE — create a new database</p></div><div class="refsynopsisdiv"><h2>Synopsis</h2><pre class="synopsis">
CREATE DATABASE <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em>
[ WITH ] [ OWNER [=] <em class="replaceable"><code>user_name</code></em> ]
[ TEMPLATE [=] <em class="replaceable"><code>template</code></em> ]
[ ENCODING [=] <em class="replaceable"><code>encoding</code></em> ]
[ STRATEGY [=] <em class="replaceable"><code>strategy</code></em> ]
[ LOCALE [=] <em class="replaceable"><code>locale</code></em> ]
[ LC_COLLATE [=] <em class="replaceable"><code>lc_collate</code></em> ]
[ LC_CTYPE [=] <em class="replaceable"><code>lc_ctype</code></em> ]
[ ICU_LOCALE [=] <em class="replaceable"><code>icu_locale</code></em> ]
[ ICU_RULES [=] <em class="replaceable"><code>icu_rules</code></em> ]
[ LOCALE_PROVIDER [=] <em class="replaceable"><code>locale_provider</code></em> ]
[ COLLATION_VERSION = <em class="replaceable"><code>collation_version</code></em> ]
[ TABLESPACE [=] <em class="replaceable"><code>tablespace_name</code></em> ]
[ ALLOW_CONNECTIONS [=] <em class="replaceable"><code>allowconn</code></em> ]
[ CONNECTION LIMIT [=] <em class="replaceable"><code>connlimit</code></em> ]
[ IS_TEMPLATE [=] <em class="replaceable"><code>istemplate</code></em> ]
[ OID [=] <em class="replaceable"><code>oid</code></em> ]
</pre></div><div class="refsect1" id="id-1.9.3.61.5"><h2>Description</h2><p>
<code class="command">CREATE DATABASE</code> creates a new
<span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> database.
</p><p>
To create a database, you must be a superuser or have the special
<code class="literal">CREATEDB</code> privilege.
See <a class="xref" href="sql-createrole.html" title="CREATE ROLE"><span class="refentrytitle">CREATE ROLE</span></a>.
</p><p>
By default, the new database will be created by cloning the standard
system database <code class="literal">template1</code>. A different template can be
specified by writing <code class="literal">TEMPLATE
<em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em></code>. In particular,
by writing <code class="literal">TEMPLATE template0</code>, you can create a pristine
database (one where no user-defined objects exist and where the system
objects have not been altered)
containing only the standard objects predefined by your
version of <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span>. This is useful
if you wish to avoid copying
any installation-local objects that might have been added to
<code class="literal">template1</code>.
</p></div><div class="refsect1" id="id-1.9.3.61.6"><h2>Parameters</h2><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt id="CREATE-DATABASE-NAME"><span class="term"><em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em></span> <a href="#CREATE-DATABASE-NAME" class="id_link">#</a></dt><dd><p>
The name of a database to create.
</p></dd><dt id="CREATE-DATABASE-USER-NAME"><span class="term"><em class="replaceable"><code>user_name</code></em></span> <a href="#CREATE-DATABASE-USER-NAME" class="id_link">#</a></dt><dd><p>
The role name of the user who will own the new database,
or <code class="literal">DEFAULT</code> to use the default (namely, the
user executing the command). To create a database owned by another
role, you must be able to <code class="literal">SET ROLE</code> to that
role.
</p></dd><dt id="CREATE-DATABASE-TEMPLATE"><span class="term"><em class="replaceable"><code>template</code></em></span> <a href="#CREATE-DATABASE-TEMPLATE" class="id_link">#</a></dt><dd><p>
The name of the template from which to create the new database,
or <code class="literal">DEFAULT</code> to use the default template
(<code class="literal">template1</code>).
</p></dd><dt id="CREATE-DATABASE-ENCODING"><span class="term"><em class="replaceable"><code>encoding</code></em></span> <a href="#CREATE-DATABASE-ENCODING" class="id_link">#</a></dt><dd><p>
Character set encoding to use in the new database. Specify
a string constant (e.g., <code class="literal">'SQL_ASCII'</code>),
or an integer encoding number, or <code class="literal">DEFAULT</code>
to use the default encoding (namely, the encoding of the
template database). The character sets supported by the
<span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> server are described in
<a class="xref" href="multibyte.html#MULTIBYTE-CHARSET-SUPPORTED" title="24.3.1. Supported Character Sets">Section 24.3.1</a>. See below for
additional restrictions.
</p></dd><dt id="CREATE-DATABASE-STRATEGY"><span class="term"><em class="replaceable"><code>strategy</code></em></span> <a href="#CREATE-DATABASE-STRATEGY" class="id_link">#</a></dt><dd><p>
Strategy to be used in creating the new database. If
the <code class="literal">WAL_LOG</code> strategy is used, the database will be
copied block by block and each block will be separately written
to the write-ahead log. This is the most efficient strategy in
cases where the template database is small, and therefore it is the
default. The older <code class="literal">FILE_COPY</code> strategy is also
available. This strategy writes a small record to the write-ahead log
for each tablespace used by the target database. Each such record
represents copying an entire directory to a new location at the
filesystem level. While this does reduce the write-ahead
log volume substantially, especially if the template database is large,
it also forces the system to perform a checkpoint both before and
after the creation of the new database. In some situations, this may
have a noticeable negative impact on overall system performance.
</p></dd><dt id="CREATE-DATABASE-LOCALE"><span class="term"><em class="replaceable"><code>locale</code></em></span> <a href="#CREATE-DATABASE-LOCALE" class="id_link">#</a></dt><dd><p>
Sets the default collation order and character classification in the
new database. Collation affects the sort order applied to strings,
e.g., in queries with <code class="literal">ORDER BY</code>, as well as the order used in indexes
on text columns. Character classification affects the categorization
of characters, e.g., lower, upper, and digit. Also sets the
associated aspects of the operating system environment,
<code class="literal">LC_COLLATE</code> and <code class="literal">LC_CTYPE</code>. The
default is the same setting as the template database. See <a class="xref" href="collation.html#COLLATION-MANAGING-CREATE-LIBC" title="24.2.2.3.1. libc Collations">Section 24.2.2.3.1</a> and <a class="xref" href="collation.html#COLLATION-MANAGING-CREATE-ICU" title="24.2.2.3.2. ICU Collations">Section 24.2.2.3.2</a> for details.
</p><p>
Can be overridden by setting <a class="xref" href="sql-createdatabase.html#CREATE-DATABASE-LC-COLLATE"><em class="replaceable"><code>lc_collate</code></em></a>, <a class="xref" href="sql-createdatabase.html#CREATE-DATABASE-LC-CTYPE"><em class="replaceable"><code>lc_ctype</code></em></a>, or <a class="xref" href="sql-createdatabase.html#CREATE-DATABASE-ICU-LOCALE"><em class="replaceable"><code>icu_locale</code></em></a> individually.
</p><div class="tip"><h3 class="title">Tip</h3><p>
The other locale settings <a class="xref" href="runtime-config-client.html#GUC-LC-MESSAGES">lc_messages</a>, <a class="xref" href="runtime-config-client.html#GUC-LC-MONETARY">lc_monetary</a>, <a class="xref" href="runtime-config-client.html#GUC-LC-NUMERIC">lc_numeric</a>, and
<a class="xref" href="runtime-config-client.html#GUC-LC-TIME">lc_time</a> are not fixed per database and are not
set by this command. If you want to make them the default for a
specific database, you can use <code class="literal">ALTER DATABASE
... SET</code>.
</p></div></dd><dt id="CREATE-DATABASE-LC-COLLATE"><span class="term"><em class="replaceable"><code>lc_collate</code></em></span> <a href="#CREATE-DATABASE-LC-COLLATE" class="id_link">#</a></dt><dd><p>
Sets <code class="literal">LC_COLLATE</code> in the database server's operating
system environment. The default is the setting of <a class="xref" href="sql-createdatabase.html#CREATE-DATABASE-LOCALE"><em class="replaceable"><code>locale</code></em></a> if specified, otherwise the same
setting as the template database. See below for additional
restrictions.
</p><p>
If <a class="xref" href="sql-createdatabase.html#CREATE-DATABASE-LOCALE-PROVIDER"><em class="replaceable"><code>locale_provider</code></em></a> is
<code class="literal">libc</code>, also sets the default collation order to use
in the new database, overriding the setting <a class="xref" href="sql-createdatabase.html#CREATE-DATABASE-LOCALE"><em class="replaceable"><code>locale</code></em></a>.
</p></dd><dt id="CREATE-DATABASE-LC-CTYPE"><span class="term"><em class="replaceable"><code>lc_ctype</code></em></span> <a href="#CREATE-DATABASE-LC-CTYPE" class="id_link">#</a></dt><dd><p>
Sets <code class="literal">LC_CTYPE</code> in the database server's operating
system environment. The default is the setting of <a class="xref" href="sql-createdatabase.html#CREATE-DATABASE-LOCALE"><em class="replaceable"><code>locale</code></em></a> if specified, otherwise the same
setting as the template database. See below for additional
restrictions.
</p><p>
If <a class="xref" href="sql-createdatabase.html#CREATE-DATABASE-LOCALE-PROVIDER"><em class="replaceable"><code>locale_provider</code></em></a> is
<code class="literal">libc</code>, also sets the default character
classification to use in the new database, overriding the setting
<a class="xref" href="sql-createdatabase.html#CREATE-DATABASE-LOCALE"><em class="replaceable"><code>locale</code></em></a>.
</p></dd><dt id="CREATE-DATABASE-ICU-LOCALE"><span class="term"><em class="replaceable"><code>icu_locale</code></em></span> <a href="#CREATE-DATABASE-ICU-LOCALE" class="id_link">#</a></dt><dd><p>
Specifies the ICU locale (see <a class="xref" href="collation.html#COLLATION-MANAGING-CREATE-ICU" title="24.2.2.3.2. ICU Collations">Section 24.2.2.3.2</a>) for the database default
collation order and character classification, overriding the setting
<a class="xref" href="sql-createdatabase.html#CREATE-DATABASE-LOCALE"><em class="replaceable"><code>locale</code></em></a>. The <a class="link" href="sql-createdatabase.html#CREATE-DATABASE-LOCALE-PROVIDER">locale provider</a> must be ICU. The default
is the setting of <a class="xref" href="sql-createdatabase.html#CREATE-DATABASE-LOCALE"><em class="replaceable"><code>locale</code></em></a> if
specified; otherwise the same setting as the template database.
</p></dd><dt id="CREATE-DATABASE-ICU-RULES"><span class="term"><em class="replaceable"><code>icu_rules</code></em></span> <a href="#CREATE-DATABASE-ICU-RULES" class="id_link">#</a></dt><dd><p>
Specifies additional collation rules to customize the behavior of the
default collation of this database. This is supported for ICU only.
See <a class="xref" href="collation.html#ICU-TAILORING-RULES" title="24.2.3.4. ICU Tailoring Rules">Section 24.2.3.4</a> for details.
</p></dd><dt id="CREATE-DATABASE-LOCALE-PROVIDER"><span class="term"><em class="replaceable"><code>locale_provider</code></em></span> <a href="#CREATE-DATABASE-LOCALE-PROVIDER" class="id_link">#</a></dt><dd><p>
Specifies the provider to use for the default collation in this
database. Possible values are
<code class="literal">icu</code><a id="id-1.9.3.61.6.2.11.2.1.2" class="indexterm"></a>
(if the server was built with ICU support) or <code class="literal">libc</code>.
By default, the provider is the same as that of the <a class="xref" href="sql-createdatabase.html#CREATE-DATABASE-TEMPLATE"><em class="replaceable"><code>template</code></em></a>. See <a class="xref" href="locale.html#LOCALE-PROVIDERS" title="24.1.4. Locale Providers">Section 24.1.4</a> for details.
</p></dd><dt id="CREATE-DATABASE-COLLATION-VERSION"><span class="term"><em class="replaceable"><code>collation_version</code></em></span> <a href="#CREATE-DATABASE-COLLATION-VERSION" class="id_link">#</a></dt><dd><p>
Specifies the collation version string to store with the database.
Normally, this should be omitted, which will cause the version to be
computed from the actual version of the database collation as provided
by the operating system. This option is intended to be used by
<code class="command">pg_upgrade</code> for copying the version from an existing
installation.
</p><p>
See also <a class="xref" href="sql-alterdatabase.html" title="ALTER DATABASE"><span class="refentrytitle">ALTER DATABASE</span></a> for how to handle
database collation version mismatches.
</p></dd><dt id="CREATE-DATABASE-TABLESPACE-NAME"><span class="term"><em class="replaceable"><code>tablespace_name</code></em></span> <a href="#CREATE-DATABASE-TABLESPACE-NAME" class="id_link">#</a></dt><dd><p>
The name of the tablespace that will be associated with the
new database, or <code class="literal">DEFAULT</code> to use the
template database's tablespace. This
tablespace will be the default tablespace used for objects
created in this database. See
<a class="xref" href="sql-createtablespace.html" title="CREATE TABLESPACE"><span class="refentrytitle">CREATE TABLESPACE</span></a>
for more information.
</p></dd><dt id="CREATE-DATABASE-ALLOWCONN"><span class="term"><em class="replaceable"><code>allowconn</code></em></span> <a href="#CREATE-DATABASE-ALLOWCONN" class="id_link">#</a></dt><dd><p>
If false then no one can connect to this database. The default is
true, allowing connections (except as restricted by other mechanisms,
such as <code class="literal">GRANT</code>/<code class="literal">REVOKE CONNECT</code>).
</p></dd><dt id="CREATE-DATABASE-CONNLIMIT"><span class="term"><em class="replaceable"><code>connlimit</code></em></span> <a href="#CREATE-DATABASE-CONNLIMIT" class="id_link">#</a></dt><dd><p>
How many concurrent connections can be made
to this database. -1 (the default) means no limit.
</p></dd><dt id="CREATE-DATABASE-ISTEMPLATE"><span class="term"><em class="replaceable"><code>istemplate</code></em></span> <a href="#CREATE-DATABASE-ISTEMPLATE" class="id_link">#</a></dt><dd><p>
If true, then this database can be cloned by any user with <code class="literal">CREATEDB</code>
privileges; if false (the default), then only superusers or the owner
of the database can clone it.
</p></dd><dt id="CREATE-DATABASE-OID"><span class="term"><em class="replaceable"><code>oid</code></em></span> <a href="#CREATE-DATABASE-OID" class="id_link">#</a></dt><dd><p>
The object identifier to be used for the new database. If this
parameter is not specified, <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span>
will choose a suitable OID automatically. This parameter is primarily
intended for internal use by <span class="application">pg_upgrade</span>,
and only <span class="application">pg_upgrade</span> can specify a value
less than 16384.
</p></dd></dl></div><p>
Optional parameters can be written in any order, not only the order
illustrated above.
</p></div><div class="refsect1" id="id-1.9.3.61.7"><h2>Notes</h2><p>
<code class="command">CREATE DATABASE</code> cannot be executed inside a transaction
block.
</p><p>
Errors along the line of <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">could not initialize database directory</span>”</span>
are most likely related to insufficient permissions on the data
directory, a full disk, or other file system problems.
</p><p>
Use <a class="link" href="sql-dropdatabase.html" title="DROP DATABASE"><code class="command">DROP DATABASE</code></a> to remove a database.
</p><p>
The program <a class="xref" href="app-createdb.html" title="createdb"><span class="refentrytitle"><span class="application">createdb</span></span></a> is a
wrapper program around this command, provided for convenience.
</p><p>
Database-level configuration parameters (set via <a class="link" href="sql-alterdatabase.html" title="ALTER DATABASE"><code class="command">ALTER DATABASE</code></a>) and database-level permissions (set via
<a class="link" href="sql-grant.html" title="GRANT"><code class="command">GRANT</code></a>) are not copied from the template database.
</p><p>
Although it is possible to copy a database other than <code class="literal">template1</code>
by specifying its name as the template, this is not (yet) intended as
a general-purpose <span class="quote">“<span class="quote"><code class="command">COPY DATABASE</code></span>”</span> facility.
The principal limitation is that no other sessions can be connected to
the template database while it is being copied. <code class="command">CREATE
DATABASE</code> will fail if any other connection exists when it starts;
otherwise, new connections to the template database are locked out
until <code class="command">CREATE DATABASE</code> completes.
See <a class="xref" href="manage-ag-templatedbs.html" title="23.3. Template Databases">Section 23.3</a> for more information.
</p><p>
The character set encoding specified for the new database must be
compatible with the chosen locale settings (<code class="literal">LC_COLLATE</code> and
<code class="literal">LC_CTYPE</code>). If the locale is <code class="literal">C</code> (or equivalently
<code class="literal">POSIX</code>), then all encodings are allowed, but for other
locale settings there is only one encoding that will work properly.
(On Windows, however, UTF-8 encoding can be used with any locale.)
<code class="command">CREATE DATABASE</code> will allow superusers to specify
<code class="literal">SQL_ASCII</code> encoding regardless of the locale settings,
but this choice is deprecated and may result in misbehavior of
character-string functions if data that is not encoding-compatible
with the locale is stored in the database.
</p><p>
The encoding and locale settings must match those of the template database,
except when <code class="literal">template0</code> is used as template. This is because
other databases might contain data that does not match the specified
encoding, or might contain indexes whose sort ordering is affected by
<code class="literal">LC_COLLATE</code> and <code class="literal">LC_CTYPE</code>. Copying such data would
result in a database that is corrupt according to the new settings.
<code class="literal">template0</code>, however, is known to not contain any data or
indexes that would be affected.
</p><p>
There is currently no option to use a database locale with nondeterministic
comparisons (see <a class="link" href="sql-createcollation.html" title="CREATE COLLATION"><code class="command">CREATE
COLLATION</code></a> for an explanation). If this is needed, then
per-column collations would need to be used.
</p><p>
The <code class="literal">CONNECTION LIMIT</code> option is only enforced approximately;
if two new sessions start at about the same time when just one
connection <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">slot</span>”</span> remains for the database, it is possible that
both will fail. Also, the limit is not enforced against superusers or
background worker processes.
</p></div><div class="refsect1" id="id-1.9.3.61.8"><h2>Examples</h2><p>
To create a new database:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
CREATE DATABASE lusiadas;
</pre><p>
</p><p>
To create a database <code class="literal">sales</code> owned by user <code class="literal">salesapp</code>
with a default tablespace of <code class="literal">salesspace</code>:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
CREATE DATABASE sales OWNER salesapp TABLESPACE salesspace;
</pre><p>
</p><p>
To create a database <code class="literal">music</code> with a different locale:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
CREATE DATABASE music
LOCALE 'sv_SE.utf8'
TEMPLATE template0;
</pre><p>
In this example, the <code class="literal">TEMPLATE template0</code> clause is required if
the specified locale is different from the one in <code class="literal">template1</code>.
(If it is not, then specifying the locale explicitly is redundant.)
</p><p>
To create a database <code class="literal">music2</code> with a different locale and a
different character set encoding:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
CREATE DATABASE music2
LOCALE 'sv_SE.iso885915'
ENCODING LATIN9
TEMPLATE template0;
</pre><p>
The specified locale and encoding settings must match, or an error will be
reported.
</p><p>
Note that locale names are specific to the operating system, so that the
above commands might not work in the same way everywhere.
</p></div><div class="refsect1" id="id-1.9.3.61.9"><h2>Compatibility</h2><p>
There is no <code class="command">CREATE DATABASE</code> statement in the SQL
standard. Databases are equivalent to catalogs, whose creation is
implementation-defined.
</p></div><div class="refsect1" id="id-1.9.3.61.10"><h2>See Also</h2><span class="simplelist"><a class="xref" href="sql-alterdatabase.html" title="ALTER DATABASE"><span class="refentrytitle">ALTER DATABASE</span></a>, <a class="xref" href="sql-dropdatabase.html" title="DROP DATABASE"><span class="refentrytitle">DROP DATABASE</span></a></span></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="sql-createconversion.html" title="CREATE CONVERSION">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="sql-commands.html" title="SQL Commands">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="sql-createdomain.html" title="CREATE DOMAIN">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">CREATE CONVERSION </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 16.3 Documentation">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> CREATE DOMAIN</td></tr></table></div></body></html>