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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>3.6. Inheritance</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="stylesheet.css" /><link rev="made" href="pgsql-docs@lists.postgresql.org" /><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets Vsnapshot" /><link rel="prev" href="tutorial-window.html" title="3.5. Window Functions" /><link rel="next" href="tutorial-conclusion.html" title="3.7. Conclusion" /></head><body id="docContent" class="container-fluid col-10"><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="5" align="center">3.6. Inheritance</th></tr><tr><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="tutorial-window.html" title="3.5. Window Functions">Prev</a> </td><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="u" href="tutorial-advanced.html" title="Chapter 3. Advanced Features">Up</a></td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 3. Advanced Features</th><td width="10%" align="right"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 16.3 Documentation">Home</a></td><td width="10%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="tutorial-conclusion.html" title="3.7. Conclusion">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" id="TUTORIAL-INHERITANCE"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">3.6. Inheritance <a href="#TUTORIAL-INHERITANCE" class="id_link">#</a></h2></div></div></div><a id="id-1.4.5.7.2" class="indexterm"></a><p>
Inheritance is a concept from object-oriented databases. It opens
up interesting new possibilities of database design.
</p><p>
Let's create two tables: A table <code class="classname">cities</code>
and a table <code class="classname">capitals</code>. Naturally, capitals
are also cities, so you want some way to show the capitals
implicitly when you list all cities. If you're really clever you
might invent some scheme like this:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
CREATE TABLE capitals (
name text,
population real,
elevation int, -- (in ft)
state char(2)
);
CREATE TABLE non_capitals (
name text,
population real,
elevation int -- (in ft)
);
CREATE VIEW cities AS
SELECT name, population, elevation FROM capitals
UNION
SELECT name, population, elevation FROM non_capitals;
</pre><p>
This works OK as far as querying goes, but it gets ugly when you
need to update several rows, for one thing.
</p><p>
A better solution is this:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
CREATE TABLE cities (
name text,
population real,
elevation int -- (in ft)
);
CREATE TABLE capitals (
state char(2) UNIQUE NOT NULL
) INHERITS (cities);
</pre><p>
</p><p>
In this case, a row of <code class="classname">capitals</code>
<em class="firstterm">inherits</em> all columns (<code class="structfield">name</code>,
<code class="structfield">population</code>, and <code class="structfield">elevation</code>) from its
<em class="firstterm">parent</em>, <code class="classname">cities</code>. The
type of the column <code class="structfield">name</code> is
<code class="type">text</code>, a native <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span>
type for variable length character strings. The
<code class="classname">capitals</code> table has
an additional column, <code class="structfield">state</code>, which shows its
state abbreviation. In
<span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span>, a table can inherit from
zero or more other tables.
</p><p>
For example, the following query finds the names of all cities,
including state capitals, that are located at an elevation
over 500 feet:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
SELECT name, elevation
FROM cities
WHERE elevation > 500;
</pre><p>
which returns:
</p><pre class="screen">
name | elevation
-----------+-----------
Las Vegas | 2174
Mariposa | 1953
Madison | 845
(3 rows)
</pre><p>
</p><p>
On the other hand, the following query finds
all the cities that are not state capitals and
are situated at an elevation over 500 feet:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
SELECT name, elevation
FROM ONLY cities
WHERE elevation > 500;
</pre><p>
</p><pre class="screen">
name | elevation
-----------+-----------
Las Vegas | 2174
Mariposa | 1953
(2 rows)
</pre><p>
</p><p>
Here the <code class="literal">ONLY</code> before <code class="literal">cities</code>
indicates that the query should be run over only the
<code class="classname">cities</code> table, and not tables below
<code class="classname">cities</code> in the inheritance hierarchy. Many
of the commands that we have already discussed —
<code class="command">SELECT</code>, <code class="command">UPDATE</code>, and
<code class="command">DELETE</code> — support this <code class="literal">ONLY</code>
notation.
</p><div class="note"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
Although inheritance is frequently useful, it has not been integrated
with unique constraints or foreign keys, which limits its usefulness.
See <a class="xref" href="ddl-inherit.html" title="5.10. Inheritance">Section 5.10</a> for more detail.
</p></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="tutorial-window.html" title="3.5. Window Functions">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="tutorial-advanced.html" title="Chapter 3. Advanced Features">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="tutorial-conclusion.html" title="3.7. Conclusion">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">3.5. Window Functions </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 16.3 Documentation">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> 3.7. Conclusion</td></tr></table></div></body></html>